The Story Of Psychology, Prologue Myers 8Th Ed

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psycology

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the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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empiricism

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the view that knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and science flourishes through observation and experiment

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prescientific psych in india

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buddha wondered how sensations and perceptions combine to form ideas

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prescientific psych in china

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confucius stressed the power of ideas and an aducated mind

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prescientific psych in Israel

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hebrew scholars linked mind and emotion to the body-people think with their hearts and feel with their bowels

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prescientific psych in Greece

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socrates(469-399) and student Plato(428-348) mind is separable from the body and continues after deathe, knowledge in innate-derived principles by logic

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Aristotle in greece

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Aristotle(384-322)student of plato -love of data, derived principles from general observations. knowledge not preexisting grows from the experiences stored in our memories. the soul not separable from the body.

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when did modern science start to flourish.

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1600s

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Rene Descartes (1595-1650)

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France aggreed wht socrateds and plato about the existence of innate ideas and the mind's being distinct form the body. dissected animals thought brain fluid contained animal spirits. these spirits flowed through nerves to muscles producing movement.

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francis Bacon (1561-1626)

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britian, one of the founders of modern science, conclusions based on experiment, experience and common sense judgment. spoke about hindsite bais, perception of patterns and focus only on confirming results

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John Lock(1632-1704)

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Britian and essay concerning Human understanding -argued that the mind at birth is a blank slate on which experience writes. Helped to for modern empiricism.

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Wilhelm Wundt

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1880s Psychology's first experiment and psycohology laboratory in Leipzing germany. experiment to measure the time lag btwn peoples hearing a ball hit a platform and their pressing a telegraph key. Wanted to measure the atoms of the mind. fastest and simplest mental processes.

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name two early psychological schools of thought.

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Structuralism- used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind

functionalism- focused on how mental and behavioral processes function, how they enable the organism to adapt, survive and flourish

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functionalism

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a school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function, how they enable the organism to adapt, survive and flourish(William James, wrote first test on psych)

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structuralism

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early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind(Tichener)

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Mary Whiton Calkins

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first women psych in harvard, pioneering memory researcher and apa president

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Margaret Floy Washburn,

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first official psych phd. wrote The Animal Mind.

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until the 1920s psych was a...

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science of mental life studied through introspection

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the american behaviorists (watson and skinner) changed psychs focus to...

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the study of observable behavior.

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humanistic psychologists

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1960s, humanistic psychologists- attention to the importance on environmnetal influences, personal growth and need for love and acceptance.(Carl Rogers and Abraham maslow

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what did the cognitive relvolution in the 60s do

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refocused psychs interst in mental processes, -perception, information processing and memory .lweads into todays cognitive neuroscientists.

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Sigmund Freud

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theory of personality, Austrian physician

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Ivan Pavlov, s

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study of learning russian physiologist

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Jean Piaget

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influential observer of children, swiss biologist.

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nature-nurture issue

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longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors

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natural selection

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among the range of inherited trait variations those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

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levels of analysis

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the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to cocial cultural for analysin any given phenomenon

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biopsychosocial approach

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an interated perspective that incorporates biiological, psychological and social cultural levels of analysis

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list psychs seven current perspectives

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neuroscience, evolutionary, behavior genetics, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, social-cultural

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neuroscience focuses on what

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how the body and brain enable emotion, memories and sensory experiences. ? how are messages trasmitted within the body? How is blood chemistry liked with moods and motives?

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Evolutionary perspective

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how the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes.

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Behavior genetics

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how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences

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Psychodynamic perspective

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how behavior springs form unconscious drives and conflicts

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Behavioral perspective

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how we learn observable responses -how do we learn to fear particular objects or situation? What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, eg to lose weight or stop smoking?

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Cognitive perspective

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how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

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social cultural

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ho behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

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basic research

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pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

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Applied research

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scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

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counseling psychology

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branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, ar marriage)and in achieving greater well being

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clinical psychology

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branch of psychology that studies, assesses and treats people with psychological disorders

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psychiatry

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branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders: practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.

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what is the difference between cognitive and neuroscience perspectives?

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neuroscience is concerned with how the body and brain create emotions, memories and sensations. cognitive is concerned with how the mind encodes, processes, tores and retrieves information

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tichner was a student of ? and encouraged?

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wunnt and introspection to find the smallest elements of the mind.