The Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerves

Front 1

With spinal cord anatomy, what are the protective structures?

Back 1

Vertebral Column and Meninges Protect Spinal Cord

Front 2

With spinal cord anatomy, name the meninges?

Back 2

– Dura Mater
– Arachnoid
– Pia Mater

Front 3

Which meninges is the superficial covering and ends at the 2nd sacral level (S2)?

Back 3

Dura Mater

Front 4

Which meninges is the middle avascular covering?

Back 4

Arachnoid

Front 5

With the arachnoid meninge, what contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

Back 5

Subarachnoid Space

Front 6

Which meninges is the deepest covering?

Back 6

Pia Mater

Front 7

With the Pia mater meninges, what are triangular – shaped Pia mater extensions that anchor cord laterally?

Back 7

Denticulate Ligaments

Front 8

With the external anatomy of the spinal cord, in adults, where does the spinal cord end?

Back 8

Superior Border of L2

Front 9

With the external anatomy of the spinal cord, what are the 2 enlargements?

Back 9

– Cervical
– Lumbar

Front 10

With the external anatomy of the spinal cord, this is where the cord ends as a conical structure?

Back 10

Conus Medullaris

Front 11

With the external anatomy of the spinal cord, this is where you have nerves to and from upper limbs?

Back 11

Cervical

Front 12

With the external anatomy of the spinal cord, this is where you have nerves to and from lower limbs?

Back 12

Lumbar

Front 13

With the external anatomy of the spinal cord, this is inferiorly angled spinal nerves that extend from the end of the cord like wisps of horses hair?

Back 13

Cauda Equina

Front 14

With the external anatomy of the spinal cord, this is where pia mater extension anchors cord vertically to coccyx?

Back 14

Filum Terminale

Front 15

With the internal anatomy of the spinal cord, this is shaped like the letter "H" and is surrounded by white matter?

Back 15

Gray Matter

Front 16

With the internal anatomy of the spinal cord, this contains mainly cell bodies and unmyelinated axons?

Back 16

Gray Matter

Front 17

With gray matter, this is groups of cell bodies in the CNS?

Back 17

Nuclei

Front 18

Gray matter is subdivided into horns?

Back 18

– Posterior
– Anterior
– Lateral

Front 19

With gray matter, which horn contains sensory axon and nuclei?

Back 19

Posterior

Front 20

With gray matter, which horn contains somatic motor nuclei and control skeletal muscles?

Back 20

Anterior

Front 21

With gray matter, which horn contain autonomic nuclei and controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands?

Back 21

Lateral

Front 22

With gray matter, which horn is located in the thoracic and upper lumbar cord regions?

Back 22

Lateral

Front 23

With the internal anatomy of the spinal cord, this contains primarily myelinated axons?

Back 23

White Matter

Front 24

White matter is subdivided into 3 columns?

Back 24

– Anterior
– Posterior
– Lateral

Front 25

In the columns of white matter, this is bundles of axons in the CNS?

Back 25

Tracts

Front 26

Which type of tracts conduct impulses to brain?

Back 26

Sensory (ascending)

Front 27

Which type of tracts conduct impulses from the brain?

Back 27

Motor (descending)

Front 28

How many and what type of spinal nerves are in the PNS?

Back 28

31 pairs of mixed (sensory and motor nerves)

Front 29

With the 31 pairs of spinal nerves in the PNS, how many pairs are in the cervical and where are they located?

Back 29

– 8 Pairs
– C1 – C8

Front 30

With the 31 pairs of spinal nerves in the PNS, how many pairs are in the thoracic and where are they located?

Back 30

– 12 Pairs
– T1 – T 12

Front 31

With the 31 pairs of spinal nerves in the PNS, how many pairs are in the lumbar and where are they located?

Back 31

– 5 Pairs
– L1 – L5

Front 32

With the 31 pairs of spinal nerves in the PNS, how many pairs are in the sacral and where they located?

Back 32

– 5 Pairs
– S1 – S5

Front 33

With the 31 pairs of spinal nerves in the PNS, how many pairs are in the coccygeal and where are they located?

Back 33

– 1Pair
– Co1

Front 34

These connect spinal nerves to the cord?

Back 34

Roots

Front 35

What are the 2 types of roots?

Back 35

– Posterior (dorsal) Root
– Anterior (ventral) Root

Front 36

Which type of root contains sensory neurons to the CNS and controls sensations?

Back 36

Posterior (dorsal) Root

Front 37

Which type of root contains motor neurons from CNS and controls movements?

Back 37

Anterior (ventral) Root

Front 38

Roots enter _____ and exit _____?

Back 38

– Posterior
– Anterior

Front 39

With spinal nerve coverings this is the outermost covering and surrounds entire nerve?

Back 39

Epineurium

Front 40

With spinal nerves coverings, this is the middle covering and surrounds axon bundles (fascicles)?

Back 40

Perineurium

Front 41

With spinal nerve coverings, this is the innermost covering, and surrounds individual axons?

Back 41

Endoneurium

Front 42

Spinal nerve branches are called?

Back 42

Rami

Front 43

2 types of rami?

Back 43

– Posterior (dorsal) Ramus
– Anterior (ventral) Ramus

Front 44

Which of the 2 types of rami supplies the dorsal trunk?

Back 44

Posterior (dorsal) Ramus

Front 45

Which of the 2 types of rami supplies the lateral and ventral trunks?

Back 45

Anterior (ventral) Ramus

Front 46

Within the spinal nerve branches, bundles of spinal nerves are called?

Back 46

Plexuses

Front 47

Within the spinal nerve branches, these are formed by anterior rami of all spinal nerves except T-2 – T 12 (intercostal nerves)?

Back 47

Plexuses

Front 48

What are the 4 types of plexuses?

Back 48

– Cervical
– Brachial
– Lumbar
– Sacral

Front 49

Formed by anterior rami of C1 – C5?

Back 49

Cervical Plexus

Front 50

Within the cervical plexus, what nerve innervates the diaphragm and is formed by C3, C4, and C5?

Back 50

Phrenic Nerve

Front 51

Formed by anterior rami of C5 – C8 & T1?

Back 51

Brachial Plexus

Front 52

What plexus supplies upper limbs?

Back 52

Brachial Plexus

Front 53

What are the 5 main nerves of the brachial plexus?

Back 53

– Axillary
– Musculocutaneous
– Radial
– Median
– Ulnar

Front 54

Which nerve injury results in carpal tunnel syndrome, or inability to pronate forearm?

Back 54

Median Nerve Injury

Front 55

Which nerve injury results in winged scapula, where the arm cannot be abducted beyond horizontal position?

Back 55

Long Thoracic Nerve Injury

Front 56

Which nerve injury results in wrist drop, the inability to extend wrist and fingers?

Back 56

Radial Nerve Injury

Front 57

Formed by anterior rami of L1 – L 4?

Back 57

Lumbar Plexus

Front 58

What plexuses supplies lower limbs?

Back 58

– Lumbar Plexus
– Sacral Plexus

Front 59

What are the 2 main nerves of the lumbar plexus?

Back 59

– Femoral Nerve
– Obturator Nerve

Front 60

Formed by anterior rami of L4 – L5 & S1 – S4?

Back 60

Sacral Plexus

Front 61

What is the largest nerve and what plexus is it in?

Back 61

– Sciatic Nerve
– Sacral Plexus

Front 62

What are the 2 portions of the sciatic nerve?

Back 62

– Tibial
– Common Peroneal

Front 63

Which nerve injury results in pain that may extend from buttocks and down the posterior thigh and leg?

Back 63

Sciatic Nerve Injury (sciatica)

Front 64

Which nerve injury has damage to the common peroneal (fibular) portion and results in footdrop the inability to dorsiflex?

Back 64

Sciatic Nerve Injury (sciatica)

Front 65

This is where a needle is inserted into the subarachnoid space at L4 or below in an adult to withdrawl CSF, or introduce antibiotics or anesthetics?

Back 65

Spinal Tap

Front 66

Area of skin that provides sensory input to CNS via spinal nerves or trigeminal nerve is called?

Back 66

Dermatome

Front 67

All spinal nerves are assigned to a dermatome except?

Back 67

C1

Front 68

This is an acute infection of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) caused by herpes zoster virus that also causes chickenpox?

Back 68

Shingles

Front 69

With sensory and motor tracts, white matter contains?

Back 69

Both Sensory and Motor Tracts

Front 70

The name of the tract indicates?

Back 70

Location in White Matter, Where It Begins and Ends

Front 71

With the anterior corticospinal tract, where is it located and where does it begin and end?

Back 71

– Anterior White Column
– Cerebral Cortex (brain)
– Spinal Cord

Front 72

With the anterior spinothalamic tract, where is it located and where does it begin and end?

Back 72

– Anterior White Column
– Spinal Cord
– Thalamus (a region of the brain)

Front 73

These monitor muscle length changes?

Back 73

Muscle Spindles

Front 74

Muscle spindles control _____ _____ , which is a small degree of contraction that is present while the muscle is at rest?

Back 74

Muscle Tone

Front 75

These monitor excessive tension in tendons?

Back 75

Tendon Organs

Front 76

This is an automatic, sudden involuntary response to stimulus?

Back 76

Reflex

Front 77

When the integration (processing) takes place in the brain stem, the reflex is what type?

Back 77

Cranial Reflex

Front 78

When the integration (processing) takes place in the spinal cord, the reflex is what type?

Back 78

Spinal Reflex

Front 79

The pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex is a?

Back 79

Reflex Arc

Front 80

A reflex arc includes what 5 functional components?

Back 80

– Sensory Receptor
– Sensory Neuron
– Integrating (processing) Center
– Motor Neuron
– Effector

Front 81

Which of the 5 functional components of a reflex arc response to stimulus?

Back 81

Sensory Receptor

Front 82

Which of the 5 functional components of a reflex arc carries impulses to the CNS?

Back 82

Sensory Neuron

Front 83

Which of the 5 functional components of a reflex arc is the processing center?

Back 83

Integrating Center

Front 84

What are the 2 reflex types in the integrating center?

Back 84

– Monosynaptic Reflex
– Polysynaptic Reflex

Front 85

With the integrating center, the monosynaptic reflex has _____ CNS synapse?

Back 85

1

Front 86

With the integrating center, the polysynaptic reflex has _____ CNS synapse?

Back 86

More than 1

Front 87

Which of the 5 functional components of a reflex arc carries impulse from the CNS?

Back 87

Motor Neuron

Front 88

Which of the 5 functional components of a reflex arc has skeletal muscle (somatic) or smooth, cardiac muscle, or glands (autonomic/visceral)?

Back 88

Effectors

Front 89

With the stretch reflex muscle spindles monitor muscle _____ changes?

Back 89

Length

Front 90

The stretch reflex stimulates muscle _____ in response to stretching of muscle?

Back 90

Contraction

Front 91

What type of synaptic reflex does the stretch reflex have?

Back 91

Monosynaptic Reflex

Front 92

Patellar (knee – jerk reflex) operates as follows?

Back 92

– Stretching of Muscle
– Activates Muscle Spindles
– Sensory Neuron
– Spinal Cord
– Motor Neurons
– Muscle Contraction

Front 93

Is the stretch reflex ipsilateral or contralateral?

Back 93

Ipsilateral (impulse enters and exits same side of spinal cord)

Front 94

With the stretch reflex the antagonist muscle does what?

Back 94

Relaxes

Front 95

With the tendon reflex, what monitors muscle tension?

Back 95

Golgi Tendon Organs

Front 96

The tendon reflex causes muscle _____ to relieve muscle tension?

Back 96

Relaxation

Front 97

What type of synaptic reflex does the tendon reflex have?

Back 97

Polysynaptic Reflex (> 1 CNS synapse)

Front 98

A tendon reflex operates as follows?

Back 98

– Increased Tension Applied to Tendon
– Activates Tendon Organ
– Sensory Neuron
– Spinal Cord
– Motor Neuron
– Causes Muscle Relaxation Relieving Tension Preventing Tendon Damage

Front 99

Is the tendon reflex ipsilateral or contralateral?

Back 99

Ipsilateral (impulse enters and exits same side of spinal cord)

Front 100

With the tendon reflex the antagonist muscle does what?

Back 100

Contracts

Front 101

What type of synaptic reflex does the flexor (withdrawal) reflex have?

Back 101

Polysynaptic Reflex (>1 CNS synapse)

Front 102

Is the flexor (withdrawal) reflex ipsilateral or contralateral?

Back 102

Ipsilateral

Front 103

The flexor (withdrawal) reflex operates as follows?

Back 103

– Stepping on a Tack (stimulus)
– Sensory
– Neuron
– Spinal Cord
– Motor Neuron
– Stimulates Muscle Contraction
– Withdrawls Limb

Front 104

Flexor (withdrawal) reflex initiates _____ _____ reflex at the same time causing _____ of opposite limb?

Back 104

– Crossed Extensor
– Extension

Front 105

What type of synaptic reflex does crossed extensor reflex have?

Back 105

Polysynaptic Reflex

Front 106

Is the crossed extensor reflex ipsilateral or contralateral?

Back 106

Contralateral (impulse inners and exits on opposite sides of the spinal cord)

Front 107

Crossed extensor reflex operates as follows?

Back 107

– Stepping on a tack (stimulus)
– Sensory Neuron
– Spinal Cord
– Stimulates Motor Neurons
– Cause Extension of Opposite Limb

Front 108

Spinal cord injuries can cause?

Back 108

Paralysis

Front 109

What is paralysis of both lower limbs?

Back 109

Paraplegia (below T-1)

Front 110

What is paralysis of all four limbs?

Back 110

Quadriplegia (above C5)

Front 111

Inflammation of meninges due to bacterial or viral infection?

Back 111

Meningitis

Front 112

Pain attacks along a sensory nerve?

Back 112

Neuralgia

Front 113

Inflammation of one or several nerves?

Back 113

Neuritis

Front 114

Which branch of a spinal nerve forms the plexuses?

Back 114

Ventral Ramus

Front 115

The femoral nerve arises from what plexus?

Back 115

Lumbar Plexus

Front 116

The dorsal root of a spinal nerve contains?

Back 116

Sensory Fibers

Front 117

Spinal nerves are not part of the?

Back 117

CNS

Front 118

The phrenic nerve arises from what plexus?

Back 118

Cervical Plexus (C1 – C5)

Front 119

The innermost covering of the spinal cord is the?

Back 119

Pia Mater

Front 120

Spinal nerves originating from this portion of the cord do not form plexuses?

Back 120

Thoracic (T2 – T 12)

Front 121

Inside the CNS, sensory impulses are carried in?

Back 121

Ascending Tracts

Front 122

The spinal cord is held in place by the?

Back 122

Filum Terminale and Denticulate Ligaments

Front 123

In a diagnostic spinal tap (lumbar puncture) of an adult, a sample of cerebrospinal fluid is removed from the?

Back 123

Subarachnoid Space