The Spinal Cord And Deep Back Muscles

Front 1

Where does the S.C. end?

Back 1

conus medullaris

Front 2

What are the two S.C. enlargements and what do they supply?

Back 2

cervical enlargement C5-T1 supplies upper limbs
lumbosacral enlargement L2-S4 supplies lower limbs

Front 3

What level does the conus medullaris end?

Back 3

L2

Front 4

what structure is the cauda equina located in?

Back 4

lumbar cistern

Front 5

What is the filum terminale and what does it do?

Back 5

Its the terminal pia mater and it anchors the S.C.; laterally attach to dura.

Front 6

Where to do a lumbar puncture?

Back 6

empty space between L2-S2; puncture is performed at the level of L3/L4 or L4/L5

Front 7

What are denticulate ligaments?

Back 7

extensions of the pia that run through the ventral and dorsal root at each level and attach to the dura and arachnoid

Front 8

Where is CSF contained?

Back 8

the subarachnoid space

Front 9

Where is the epidural space and what does it contain?

Back 9

It is between the wall of the vertebral canal and the dura and contains fat, blood vessels, including hte internal venous plexus; not located in brain

Front 10

where is an epidural injected?

Back 10

the sacral hiatus; the anesthesia diffuses through the fat; and the number of spinal nerves affected can be somewhat conrolled.

Front 11

Is there an epidural space in the brain?

Back 11

no.

Front 12

what do the dorsal rami and ventral rami of spinal roots supply?

Back 12

dorsal rami supply deep back muscles and muscles overlying. ventral rami supply everything else and all plexuses.

Front 13

What spinal nerve is compressed by a herniated L4/L5 disk?

Back 13

the L5 nerve; it always compresses the next lower nerve.

Front 14

What causes an intervertebral disk herniation and where does it normall protrude?

Back 14

a weakened annulus fibrosus; it normall protrudes posterolaterally because of lack of ligamentous support in that area.

Front 15

what type of herniation may affect several spinal nerves?

Back 15

a central (posterior) disc herniation

Front 16

What arteries supply the S.C. an where do they arise from?

Back 16

one anterior spinal artery from 2 branches off the vertebral arteries; several posterior spinal arteries from 2 branches off the vertebral arteries.

Front 17

What are the segmental spinal arteries and what do they supply?

Back 17

They arise from vertebral, cervical, posterior intercostal, and lumbar arteries and supply the segmental medullary brances (supply ASA and PSA) and the radicular arterteries (supply nerve roots)

Front 18

Where do venous plexuses of the epidural space drain to?

Back 18

they drain to the segmental veins, which communicate with the veins of the thorax, abdomen and pelvis.

Front 19

Whatare the intermediate group of back muscles? What do they do?

Back 19

serratus posterior superior and inferior; assist with respiration

Front 20

how can metastases of cancer in the pelvis, abdomen and thorax go to the S.C.?

Back 20

migrate through the venous plexuses which are continuous with the venous plexuses of the pelvis, abdomen and thorax.

Front 21

What is the innervation and action of the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis?

Back 21

N.: dorsal rami of middle and lower cervic nerves;
action: extension, lateral flexion and rotation of head and neck

Front 22

what is the innervation and action of the erector spinae?

Back 22

innervation: dorsal rami
action: extension, lateral flexion of vertebral column

Front 23

What are the innervation and actions of the transversospinalis

Back 23

innervation: dorsal rami
actions: extends the vertebral column and rotates it to the opposite side

Front 24

What muscles make up the deep back group?

Back 24

2 splenius muscles, erector spinae, transversospinalis

Front 25

what is the major action of the semispinalis capitis?

Back 25

extend head and neck; and exception from the other semispinalis muscles.