The Skeletal System: Axial, Appendicular, Articulations

Front 1

Cranium

Back 1

Surrounds and protects the brain, consisting of the occipital, parietal, frontal, temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones

Front 2

Sphenoid

Back 2

Articulates with every cranial bone and extends from one side to the other across the floor of the cranium

Front 3

Ethmoid

Back 3

An irregularly shaped bone that forms part of the orbital wall, the anteromedial floor of the cranium, the roof of the nasal cavity, and part of the nasal septum

Front 4

Facial complex

Back 4

Supports the entrance to the respiratory and digestive tract, consisting of the maxillae, palatine, nasal, zygomatic, lacrimal, vomer, and mandible

Front 5

Maxillae

Back 5

The largest bones of the face, together they form the upper jaw

Front 6

Mandible

Back 6

The entire lower jaw, which articulates at the temporomandibular joints

Front 7

Orbits

Back 7

Bony recesses that enclose and protect the eyes

Front 8

Nasal complex

Back 8

The bones and cartilage that enclose the nasal cavities and the paranasal sinuses, air spaces connected to the nasal cavities

Front 9

Hyoid

Back 9

The base for several muscles con- cerned with movements of the tongue and larynx, and not in contact with any other bone of the skeleton

Front 10

Cervical vertebrae

Back 10

The smallest of the vertebrae, extending from the occipital bone of the skull to the thorax, seven in total

Front 11

Thoracic vertebrae

Back 11

More massive than that of the cervical vertebrae, each articulates with ribs along dorsolatral surfaces of it's body, twelve in total

Front 12

Lumbar vertebrae

Back 12

The largest of the vertebrae, bearing the most weight, five in total

Front 13

Sacrum

Back 13

Consists of the fused components of five vertebrae, fusing between puberty to age 25-30, protecting reproductive, excretory, and digestive glands

Front 14

Coccyx

Back 14

Consists of 3-5 (usually 4) vertebrae that begin fusing by age 26, providing attachment for a muscle that constricts the anal opening

Front 15

Ribs

Back 15

Elongated, curved, flattened bones that (1) originate on or between thoracic vertebrae and (2) end in the wall of the thoracic cavity

Front 16

True ribs

Back 16

Or vertebrosternal ribs, are the first seven ribs that connect to the sternum at costal cartilages

Front 17

False ribs

Back 17

Or vertebrochondral ribs, are ribs 8-12 whose costal cartilages fuse together before reaching the sternum

Front 18

Floating ribs

Back 18

The last two ribs which have no connection to the sternum

Front 19

Sternum

Back 19

The flat bone that forms in the anterior midline of the tho-racic wall

Front 20

Clavicle

Back 20

Connects the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton, bracing the shoulder

Front 21

Scapula

Back 21

A broad triangle with many surface markings reflecting the attachment of muscles, tendons, and ligaments

Front 22

Humerus

Back 22

The proximal bone of the upper limb

Front 23

Radius

Back 23

The lateral bone of the antebrachium in anatomical position

Front 24

Ulna

Back 24

The medial bone of the antebrachium in anatomical position

Front 25

Carpal bones

Back 25

Consisting of the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate bones. "Sam likes to push the toy car hard"

Front 26

Metacarpal bones

Back 26

Five bones articulating with the distal carpal bones

Front 27

Phalanges

Back 27

Fourteen bones that articulate with the metacarpal/metatarsal bones. The pollex and hallux have two, the rest have three

Front 28

Hip bones

Back 28

The ilium (largest), ischium (posterior), and pubis (anterior)

Front 29

Femur

Back 29

The longest and heaviest bone of the body, the proximal bone of the lower limb

Front 30

Patella

Back 30

A large sesamoid bone that forms within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris, a group of muscles that extends the knee

Front 31

Tibia

Back 31

The large medial bone of the distal leg

Front 32

Fibula

Back 32

The slender and lateral bone of the distal leg

Front 33

Tarsal bones

Back 33

The talus (transmits weight of the tibia anteriorly), the calcaneus (heel bone), cubiod, naviculer, and cuneiform bones

Front 34

Metatarsal bones

Back 34

Five long bones articulating with the distal tarsal bones

Front 35

Synarthroses

Back 35

An immovable joint, where bony edges are close together and may interlock, such as the gomphosis of the teeth and jaws

Front 36

Amphiarthroses

Back 36

Slightly movable joints, such as a symphisis where bones are separated by a pad of cartilage

Front 37

Diarthroses

Back 37

Freely movable, or synovial joints

Front 38

Abduction

Back 38

movement away from the longitudinal axis of the body

Front 39

Adduction

Back 39

Movement toward the longitudinal axis of the body

Front 40

Flexion

Back 40

Reduction in angle between articulating elements

Front 41

Extension

Back 41

Increase in angle between articulating elements

Front 42

Hyperextension

Back 42

Extension beyond normal anatomical limits, producing joint damage

Front 43

Circumduction

Back 43

A special type of angular motion that includes flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction

Front 44

Zygapophysial joint

Back 44

The synovial joints found between the superior and inferior articulating facets of adjacent vertebrae

Front 45

Intrvertebral discs

Back 45

Pads of fibrous cartilage which cushion the vertebrae, a hard outer layer, the anulus fibrosus, and a soft inner layer, the nucleus pulposus

Front 46

Slipped disc

Back 46

Posterior longitudinal ligaments become weakened, compressing the nucleus pulposus which distorts the anulus fibrosus, partially forcing it into the vertebral canal

Front 47

Herniated disc

Back 47

Severe compression causing the nucleus pulposus to break through the anulus fibrosus and enter the vertebral canal

Front 48

Sciatica

Back 48

The painful result of compression of the roots of the sciatic nerve

Front 49

Glenohumeral joint

Back 49

Or shoulder joint, is a loose and shallow joint that permits the greatest range of motion of any joint in the body

Front 50

Sternoclavicular joint

Back 50

A synovial joint between the medial end of the clavicle and the manubrium of the sternum

Front 51

Rheumatism

Back 51

A general term that indicates pain and stiffness affecting the skeletal system, the muscular system, or both

Front 52

Arthritis

Back 52

A general term that encompasses all the rheumatic diseases that affect synovial joints

Front 53

Osteoarthritis

Back 53

Degenerative joint disease

Front 54

Rheumatoid arthritis

Back 54

Inflammatory joint disease

Front 55

Bone spur

Back 55

An abnormal thickening on a bone, usually in response to a traumatic event

Front 56

Luxation

Back 56

A dislocation

Front 57

Subluxation

Back 57

A partial dislocation

Front 58

Sprain

Back 58

A tear in the collagen fibers of a ligament

Front 59

Fracture

Back 59

A break in a bone