The Skeletal System

Front 1

What are the functions of bones?

Back 1

support and protection

body movement

blood cell formation

storage of inorganic salts

Front 2

How do bones support and protect?

Back 2

bones give shape to structures such as the head, rib cage and pelvic girdle

they support the body's weight

Front 3

How do bones help the body move?

Back 3

skeletal muscles attached to bones by tendons, use the bones as levers to move body parts

Front 4

How do bones help blood cell formation?

Back 4

blood cells are formed within the bone marrow

Front 5

What is hematopoiesis?

Back 5

the process by which blood cells are formed

Front 6

What is red marrow?

Back 6

where red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are formed

Front 7

What is another name for red blood cells?

Back 7

erythrocytes

Front 8

What is another name for white blood cells?

Back 8

leukocytes

Front 9

What is another name for platelets?

Back 9

thrombocytes

Front 10

What does yellow marrow do?

Back 10

stores fat

Front 11

What inorganic salts do bones store?

Back 11

calcium

potassium

sodium

magnesium

Front 12

Why is calcium the most important inorganic salt? when calcium is low what do the bones do? when calcium is high what do the bones do?

Back 12

it's important because it helps to make bones strong

when it's low osteoclast is stimulated to break down bones

when it's high osteoblast is stimulated to build bones by storing calcium

Front 13

How are bones classified?

Back 13

according to their size and shape

Front 14

What are some examples of long bones?

Back 14

femur

humerus

Front 15

What is an example of short bones?

Back 15

carpals

Front 16

What are some examples of flat bones?

Back 16

the skull

pelvic

Front 17

What are the two major parts of the long bone?

Back 17

epiphysis

diaphysis

Front 18

where is the epiphysis (spongy bone)located and what is covering it?

Back 18

located at the end of the bone

the outer surface is covered with a layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage

Front 19

What is another name for the diaphysis (compact bone)? What does it consist of?

Back 19

the shaft

it's covered with a tough layer of fibrous tissue called the periosteum. it also consists of a hollow chamber called the medullary cavity which is filled with marrow

Front 20

What are 2 microscopic structures?

Back 20

osteocytes

blood vessels

Front 21

What are osteocytes?

Back 21

mature bone cells

Front 22

Where are blood vessels and what do they do?

Back 22

located throughout the bone, nourishes blood cells

Front 23

When is bone built?

Back 23

when osteocytes arrange themselves in circles called osteons. the middle of each osteon is called the osteonic canal. this is where blood vessels and nerves are located.

Front 24

How do bones form?

Back 24

by replacing existing connective tissues in 2 ways (intramembraneous and endochondral bones)

Front 25

What are intramembraneous bones?

Back 25

bones that are formed from fibrous membrane

this includes the flat bones of the skull

Front 26

What are the steps of intramembraneous bone formation?

Back 26

step 1- the fibrous tissue cells differenciate into osteoblast. the osteoblast deposits a bony matrix around themselves

step 2- as the cells accumulate, spongy bone tissue is formed in all directions

step 3- a layer of tissue condenses on the outside of the fibrous membrane, which forms the periosteum

step 4- osteoblast on the inside of the periosteum forms a layer of compact bone over the layers of spongy bone

Front 27

What is ossification?

Back 27

when bone is formed from pre-existing tissues

Front 28

What does the vascular tissue in spongy bone turn into?

Back 28

red marrow

Front 29

What are endochondral bones?

Back 29

bones that are formed from hyaline cartilage

forms most bones of the skeleton

Front 30

What are the steps of the endochondral bone formation?

Back 30

step 1- the osteoblast forms the periosteum on the outside of the hyaline cartilage

step 2- osteoblasts and blood vessels from the periosteum invades the hyaline cartilage and form spongy bone in the center. this is called the primary ossification center

step 3- osteoclast breaks down the newly formed spongy bone to form the medullary cavity

step 4- the osteoblasts from the periosteum deposit a layer of bone between the medullary cavity and the periosteum

step 5- a secondary ossification center appears in the epiphysis, spongy bone is formed in all directions

Front 31

What is a bond of cartilage called and where is it located?

Back 31

epiphyseal disk or growth plate

remains between the diaphysis and the epiphysis

Front 32

What happens when the bone gets longer?

Back 32

the cells of the epiphyseal disk grow, divide and thickens

Front 33

What are the 2 major portions of the skeleton?

Back 33

axial skeleton

appendicular skeleton

Front 34

What makes up the axial skeleton?

Back 34

the skull

hyoid bone

vertebral column

thoracic cage

Front 35

What are the 2 sets of bones in the skull?

Back 35

cranial bones

facial bones

Front 36

How many bones are in the skull? how many cranial bones? how many facial bones?

Back 36

22 bones

8 cranial

14 facial

Front 37

What is the skull's function?

Back 37

protects the brain and sensory organs

Front 38

What is the function of the cranium?

Back 38

it encloses and protects the brain and provides attachments for muscles

Front 39

What are the 8 bones of the cranium?

Back 39

1 frontal bone
2 parietal bones
1 occipital bone
2 temporal bones
1 sphenoid bone
1 ethmoid bone

Front 40

What is the frontal bone?

Back 40

the bone that forms the forehead of the skull

Front 41

What are the parietal bones?

Back 41

the bones that form each side of the skull

Front 42

What is the occipital bone?

Back 42

the bone that forms the back of the skull

Front 43

What are the temporal bones?

Back 43

the bones on each side of the skull by the ear

they serve as attachments for muscles

Front 44

What is the sphenoid bone?

Back 44

the large bone located at the bottom of the cranium

Front 45

What is the ethmoid bone?

Back 45

it's the small bone located in front of the sphenoid bone aka crista galli because it's shaped like a cock's comb

Front 46

What are sutures?

Back 46

immovable joints

the areas where bones come together or meet

Front 47

What are the names of the sutures?

Back 47

coronal

saggital

lambdoidal

squamous

Front 48

Where is the coronal suture?

Back 48

where the parietal bones meet the frontal bone

Front 49

Where is the saggital suture?

Back 49

where the two parietal bones meet

Front 50

Where is the lambdoidal suture?

Back 50

where the parietal bones meet the occipital bone

Front 51

Where is the squamous suture?

Back 51

where the parietal bones and temporal bones meet

Front 52

What is the function of the facial bones?

Back 52

these bones form the shape of the face and provide attachments for muscles

Front 53

What is the keystone bone of the face?

Back 53

maxillae

Front 54

What is the keystone bone of the cranium?

Back 54

sphenoid

Front 55

What is the maxillae?

Back 55

bones that form the upper jaw

Front 56

What is the mandible?

Back 56

a u-shaped bone that forms the lower jaw

largest, strongest facial bone

Front 57

What is the coronoid process?

Back 57

serves as attachment for the temporalis

Front 58

What are the palatine bones?

Back 58

L-shaped bones that help to form the hard palate

Front 59

What are the zygomatic bones?

Back 59

cheek bones that help to form the lateral walls and floors of the orbits

Front 60

What are the lacrimal bones?

Back 60

finger nail shaped bones that articulate with the frontal bone superiorly, posteriorly with the ethmoid and anteriorly with the maxillae

Front 61

What are the nasal bones?

Back 61

rectangular shaped bones that fuse medially to form the bridge of the nose

Front 62

What is the vomer bone?

Back 62

a slender plow shaped bone located in the middle of the nasal cavity

it joins the ethmoid bone to form the nasal septum

Front 63

What is the inferior nasal conchae?

Back 63

a thin scroll shaped bone that is attached to the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

Front 64

Where is the vertebral column? what is it's function? what separates the vertebrae?

Back 64

extends from the skull to the pelvis

protects the spinal cord

separated by intervertebral disks

Front 65

What does a typical vertebra consist of?

Back 65

a body and bony vertebral arch, which surrounds the spinal cord

notches on the upper and lower surfaces provide intervertebral foramina through which spinal nerves pass

Front 66

In a cervical vertebrae what do transverse processes bear? what is the first vertebra called and what does it do? what is the second vertebra called? what do dens do?

Back 66

transverse formina

the atlas supports and balances the head

the axis

provides a pivot for the atlas when the head is turned from side to side

Front 67

Compare the size of the thoracic vertebrae and the cervical vertebrae. What do the facets on the sides articulate with?

Back 67

thoracic is larger than the cervical

the ribs

Front 68

What are lumbar vertebrae and what are their function?

Back 68

large and strong

they support more body weight that any other vertebrae

Front 69

What is the sacrum? What forms the sacral canal?

Back 69

a triangular structure formed of 5 fused vertebrae

vertebral formina

Front 70

What is the coccyx composed of and where is it located? What is it's purpose?

Back 70

4 fused vertebrae

forms the lowest part of the vertebral column

it acts as a shock absorber when a person sits

Front 71

What does the thoracic cage include and what is it's function?

Back 71

the ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum and costal cartilages

it supports the pectoral girdle and upper limbs, protects the viscera, and functions in breathing

Front 72

How many pairs of ribs are there? What are true ribs joined to? What are false ribs joined to? What does a typical rib include?

Back 72

12 pairs attached to the 12 thoracic vertebrae

costal cartilages join the sternum directly

costal cartilages join the sternum indirectly or not at all

a shaft, a head, and tubercles that articulate with the vertebrae

Front 73

What does the sternum consist of and what does it articulate with?

Back 73

a manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

the clavicles

Front 74

What is another name for the pectoral girdle?

Back 74

the shoulder

Front 75

What does the pectoral girdle consist of? What does it form? What does it provide?

Back 75

2 clavicles and 2 scapulae

it forms an incomplete ring that supports the upper limbs

it provides attachment for muscles that move the arms, chest and back

Front 76

What is another name for clavicles and what are they?

Back 76

collar bones

slender, rodlike bones that extend horizontally across the upper thorax

Front 77

What is another name for scapulae and what are they? What does it articulate with?

Back 77

shoulder blades

broad triangular bones located on either side of the upper back

the humerus bone

Front 78

What do the upper limbs include? What does it provide?

Back 78

includes the bones of the arm
(humerus), forearm (radius and ulna) and hands

provides attachments for muscles, also function as levers

Front 79

What is the humerus and what does it articulate with?

Back 79

the largest and longest bone of the upper limbs

it articulates with the glenoid cavity

Front 80

What is the radius and ulna?

Back 80

the two bones that form the forearm
the ulna is longer and more slender

Front 81

What is the hand composed of?

Back 81

8 carpal bones (wrist)

5 metacarpals (palm)

14 phalanges (fingers)

Front 82

What does the pelvic girdle and what is it's function?

Back 82

it consists of 2 coxal bones that articulate with each other anteriorly and with the sacrum posteriorly

it supports the trunk of the body, provides attachments for the lower limbs, and protects the urinary bladder, the distal end of the large intestine, and they internal reproductive organs

Front 83

What forms the bowl shaped pelvis? What does each coxal bone consist of?

Back 83

the sacrum, coccyx, and pelvic girdle

an illium, ischium, and pubis, which are fused in the region of the acetabulum

Front 84

What is the illium?

Back 84

it is the largest portion of the coxal bone

it joins the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint

Front 85

What is the ischium?

Back 85

the lowest portion of the coxal bone

it supports body weight when sitting

Front 86

What is the pubis?

Back 86

the anterior portion of the coxal bone

it's bones are fused anteriorly at the symphysis pubis

Front 87

What do the bones of the lower limbs provide?

Back 87

frameworks of the thigh (femur), leg (tibia and fibula), and foot

Front 88

What is the femur?

Back 88

it extends from the hip to the knee

the patella articulates with the femur's anterior surface

Front 89

What is the tibia?

Back 89

it is located on the medial side of the leg

it articulates with the talus of the ankle

Front 90

What is the fibula?

Back 90

it is located on the lateral side of the tibia

it articulates with the ankle but does not bear body weight

Front 91

What is the foot?

Back 91

it consists of an ankle, an instep, and 5 toes

it includes 7 tarsal bones that form the tarsus, 5 metatarsal bones, and 14 phalanges

the tarsal bones or tarsus can move freely