Search For A Better Health

Front 1

define the difference between health and disease!

Back 1

health: is the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being not just merely the absence of disease or infirmity. whereas disease is any condition that impairs or interferes with the normal functioning of the body.

- health is hard to define, as it is diverse, and different from person to person.

Front 2

define genes, and their function in maintaining health.

Back 2

genes: are a unit of hereditary passed from the parent cell to the daughter cell (i.e- offspring) determining the characteristics of the offspring. Its process in maintaining health is to control the production of proteins, ensuring that correct cell processes can occur.

Front 3

define mitosis, and its function in maintaining health

Back 3

mitosis: is type of cell division that enables genetic material to be copied exactly, resulting in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus. Its function in maintaining health is it assists in the growth, repair and maintenance or an organism.

Front 4

define cell differentiation and specialistaion and their function in maintaining health

Back 4

cellular differentiation: The process by which a cell becomes specialized in order to perform a specific function, such as red blood cells etc. Undifferentiated cells form tumors.

Many types of cells have specialized roles in maintaining the health of an organism. For example, there are specialized blood cells(white blood cells) that produce antibodies to attack a disease causing micro-organism.

Front 5

define gene expression

Back 5

(gene expression is the production of proteins,) Gene expression refers to the transfer of information from a gene to produce a protein or RNA. If you cut yourself, the genetic code contained in all your cells is used to form the new tissue to repair the damage from the cut.

Front 6

define enzyme

Back 6

Proteins that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction in a living organism. An enzyme acts as catalyst for specific chemical reactions, converting a specific set of reactants (called substrates) into specific products. Without enzymes, life as we know it would not exist.

Front 7

use available evidence to analyse the links between gene expressions and maintenance and repair of body tissues

Back 7

a healthy organism is the product of:

-the correct functioning of genes

-the production of perfect copies of genetic material (mitosis)

-the expression of gene in cell specialization and differentiation

the cell bodiesare being replaced all the time,therefore the correct specialized cells must replace them. This occurs through mitosis, and gene expression. DNA repair genes ensure that the DNA has been accurately copied. the two main genes that help regulate this cell cycle are, proto-oncogene(stimulate division) and Tummour suppressor genes(stop division)

Front 8

what happens in unhealthy cells?

Back 8

-mutated proto-oncogenes (oncogenes) causing uncontrolled cell division -cancers

-mutated tumor suppressor gene lose their ability to control cell division . the rate of cell division increases and uncontrollable growth occurs also leading to cancer.

Front 9

distinguish between infectious and non-infectious disease

Back 9

An infectious disease is one that is caused by an organism and that can be transferred from one person to another. The transfer may be direct, where the disease-causing organisms, such as viruses or bacteria, pass directly from person to person, or it may be carried out by an intermediary (called a vector), such as a blood-sucking insect eg colds, influenza, chicken pox, herpes and measles.Non-infectious diseases are diseases that are not due to disease-causing organisms. They include genetic diseases, such as Down syndrome, haemophilia, and those that are related to lifestyle or environment, such as cardiovascular disease and skin cancer.

Front 10

identify the conditions under which an organism is described as a pathogen

Back 10

A pathogen is any organism that can produce a disease

Front 11

identify the three stages of water treatment

Back 11

primary treatment: sedimentation and coagulation- clumps large particles together so they will sink or get trapped in a filter

secondary treatment: filtration removes nearly all remaining microbes by trapping them. boiling: for 10 minutes kills most pathogens

tertiary treatment:Disinfection: kills most remaining pathogens that are to small to be filtered. chlorination: dding chlorine to the water kills off all harmful pathoges

Front 12

what did Louis Pasteur Discover?

Back 12

he discovered that infectious diseases are caused by mirco-organisms "germ theory of disease"

Front 13

briefly describe his experiment that tested this theory

Back 13

Pasteur poured a nutrient broth into 2 identical swan-necked flash and brought then both to the boil, killing off any pathogens. he then broke of the "neck" off one of the flasks. as he predicted, the flask with the broth exposed to open air, developed cloudy bacterial growth, while the other remained clear. thus disapproving spontaneous generation

Front 14

what are Koch's Postulates

Back 14

they were used for establishing that a certain microbe causes a disease. 1-the microorganism must be present in every organism with the disease, 2-it must be isolated from the host and cultured in a pure environment, 3-a potential host when inoculated with the cultured microorganism must develop the same symptoms as the original host, 4-same microbe must be rediscovered

Front 15

how did Koch contribute to an understanding of disease?

Back 15

by developing a method o link a particular pathogen to the cause of disease

Front 16

define prion and give an example of a disease caused by this pathogen

Back 16

a prion is a non-cellular infectious agent that cause disease in mammals, abnormal proteins that are altered from normal shape,can be pass from one animal to another,E.G jacobs disease

Front 17

define viruses and give an example of a disease caused by this pathogen

Back 17

non-cellular pathogen, simply a protein coat around genetic material, found in eukaryotic and procaryotic cells, can only reproduce inside host cells. Eg AIDS, smallpox,influenza

Front 18

define bacteria and give an example of a diease which it causes

Back 18

unicellular, procaryotic cells, non memebrane bound cells, only some are pathogenic and cause disease. Eg. Tetanus, anthrax

Front 19

define Protozoan and give an example of a disease which it causes

Back 19

unicellular eucaryotic, animal like organisms, no cell wall, free living or parasitic. Eg. sleeping sickness,

Front 20

define Fungi and one disease in which it causes

Back 20

eucaryotic organisms; have a cell wall made of chitin, some are unicellular (i.e yeast), they play an important role in decomposition of organic molecules, together with bacteria. Eg. ringworm, tinea

Front 21

define eucaryotic cells and procaryotic cells

Back 21

The cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells is filled with a large, complex collection of organelles, many of them enclosed in their own membranes; theprokaryotic cell contains no membrane-bound organelles which are independent of the plasma membrane.

Front 22

define macroparasites and give an example of one disease in which they causes

Back 22

large disease causing organisms which can be seen with the naked eye(external parasites are called, ectoparasites and internal are called, endoparasites) Eg.Ring worm, ticks, fleas

Front 23

what is the role of antibiotics in the mangement of infectious diseases?

Back 23

antibiotics are the substances that are capable of destroying or inhabiting the growth of bacteria that cause disease, they are chemicals which act selectively, attacking the bacteria but not the host.Howard Florey and Alexander flemming discovered the first antibiotic, Penicillin

Front 24

what are the five most profound historical developments to our understanding of Malaria

Back 24

1880-Laveran: observed micro-organisms in fresh blood from malarial patients and suggested that malaria was caused by this micro-organism

1886-Golgi: observed asexual reproduction of microbe in blood of patients

1894- Patrick Manson: proposed that malaria was transmitted by mosquitoes

1898-Grassi: discovered that malaria was transmitted by the Anopheles Mosquito

1897-99-Ronald Ross: established that the protozoan Plasmodium was the cause of malaria, winning the Nobel prize

Front 25

describe the process of malaria when entered the body

Back 25

-when the pathogen first enters the blood, it travels to the liver. there it multiplies rapidly, producing dozens of cells called merozoites. these cells then travel back into the blood where they infect red blood cells,again, multiplying asexually producing many more cells. the mereozoites then burst out of the red blood cells, releasing toxins causing shivering, headaches, nausea, sweating etc. it can also lead to anemia

Front 26

what is the first line of defence against harmful pathogens give three examples

Back 26

-skin: forms a tough outer layer( outer layers contain a toxin called keratin which microbes cannot penetrate unless skin is broken.

Mucous Membranes: the digestive, respiratory and reproductive and urinary tracts are lined with thick mucus. it is sticky, trapping dust particles and pathogens

cillia: are minute hairs that remove, push foreign cells fro the lining of the nose, trachea and bronchial tubes.