The Scientific Revolution

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Aristotle

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(384 -322 BCE)
He was an Macedonian Greek philosopher who studied under Plato and taught Alexander the Great.
He studied and improved upon virtually every subject available of the time.
Believed in heliocentrism (Earth as the center of the universe) and started that as common belief.
Such belief held for hundreds of years
He was the philosopher most respected by European Renaissance thinkers and thus affected their studies.
He founded the now common sciences of logic, biology and psychology.

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Ptolemy

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(90-168 CE)
He was also known as Claudius Ptolemaeus.
He was a Greek (possibly Egyptian) mathematician, geographer, astronomer, and astrologer.
He set up a early, popular (although heliocentric) planetary model.
He also set up a formula for calculating planetary location.
These were universally accepted prior to Copernicus’s Heliocentic model.
He set up an early atlas that utilized a lattitude and longitude system similar to the one used today.
This helped encourage exploration.

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Newton

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(1649-1727 CE)
Though, it is debated he possibly developed Calculus.
He invented a reflecting telescope.
He stated three basic laws of motion.
His first law states that an object at rest stays at rest and that a object in motion stays in motion until acted upon by an external force.
His second law says that that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force acting on the object and inversely proportional to its mass.
His third law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
He discovered gravity and used it to calculate the period of the Earth’s orbit.

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Copernicus

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(1473-1543)
He was a European astronomer.
He was the first European to produce a heliocentric model.
This model is still used today.

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Galileo

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(1564-1642)
He was a physicist, mathematician, astronomer and philosopher.
He discovered four of Jupiter’s moons.
He was an early supporter of Copernicus’ Heliocentric model.
For a while, he was one of the few able to make telescopes strong enough for astronomical use.
He was one of the first Europeans to observe sunspots.
He figured out the correct mathematical law for acceleration.
Galileo’s Paradox shows that there are as many perfect squares as there are whole numbers.

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Kepler

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(1571-1630)
He was a mathematician, astronomer and astrologer.
He is best known for his laws of planetary motion;
These are laws around the revolution around the sun.
The first law is "The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the sun at one of the foci."
The second law is "A line joining a planet and the sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time."
The third law is "The squares of the orbital periods of planets are directly proportional to the cubes of the semi-major axis of the orbits."

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Brahe

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(1546-1610)
He was a nobleman astrologer-alchemist.
Johannes Kepler (see above) was his assistant (who would later use his observations in later research).
He catalogued the heavens so accurately that the universe’s
center could be almost derived.
His modified geocentric (all planets revolve around the sun which revolves around the Earth) model was adopted and popularized by the Catholic Church.

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Vesalius

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(1514-1564)
He was a doctor with extensive knowledge on anatomy.
He wrote one of the most influential books on human anatomy.
He did many dissections on executed criminals as research.
His work encouraged dissection as the most accurate way to study anatomy

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Harvey

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(1578-1657)
He was a doctor.
He was the 1st European to accurately describe the process of blood being pumped around the body by the heart.
As a result, bloodletting, which had been a common cure for every thing was discouraged.

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Descartes

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He was a scientist, mathematician, scientist and writer.
He founded analytical geometry.
His philosophy on mind and mechanics would inspire the invention of the computer.
His one principle was that thought exists.

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Bacon

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(1561-1628)
He was a philosopher, statesman and esayists.
He established scientific method.
Some say he created the English language essay.
Some believe he wrote Shakespeare’s plays.

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Maria Cunitz

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She was one of the first modern women scientist.
She is best known for Astrology.
She wrote "Urainum Propeta," a solution to Keplar.

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Maria Winklemann

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She was a astrologer and was the first women to discover a comet. She was also the first person to observe Aurora Borialis.

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Maria Sybella Merian

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She was a person who observed and drew bugs (an entomologists).