The Science Of Human Development

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Science of Human Development

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The science that seeks to understand how and why people of all ages and circumstances change or remain the same over time.

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The Scientific Method

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A way to answer questions that requires empirical research and data base conclusions.

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Hypothesis

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A specific prediction that can be tested.

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Empirical Evidence

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Evidence based on data from scientific observation or experiments; not theoretical.

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Scientific Method Steps

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1) Formulate a question: On basis of theory, prior research, or personal observation, pose a question.
2) Develop a hypothesis: A specific prediction that can be tested.
3) Test the hypothesis: Design and conduct research to gather empirical evidence (data).
4) Draw conclusions: Use the evidence to support or refute the hypothesis.
5) Report the results: Share the data, conclusions, and alternative explanations.
Repetition: The repetition of a study using different participants.

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Nature vs Nurture

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* Nature refers to the influence of the genes that people inherit.

* Nature refers to environmental influences, beginning with the health and diet the embryo's mother and continuing lifelong, including family, school, community and society.

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Life-Span Perspective

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An approach to the study of human development that takes into account all phases of life, not just childhood or adulthood.

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Critical Period

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A time when a particular development must occur to ensure normal development.

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Sensitive Period

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A time when a certain type of development is most likely to happen or happens most easily. Thought it may happen later but with more difficulty.

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Development is Multidirectional

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Multiple changes in every direction characterize the life span. If human traits were to be charted over time it would be apparent that some traits appear, disappear, with increases and decreases and zigzag

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Development is Multicontextual

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Development takes place within many contex including physical surroundings (climate, noise, population, density, etc.) and family configurations (married couple, single parent, cohabiting couple, extended family etc.)

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Ecological-system approach

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Later rename bioecological theory. The view that in human development each person is affected by many social contexts and interpersonal interactions.

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The ecological model

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* Microcosystem: A person's immediate surroundings such as family and friends.
* Exosystem: Local institutions such as school and church.
* Macrosystem: Larger social setting, including cultural values, economic policies and political philosophies and social conditions .
* Mesosystem: Interaction between systems.
* Chronosystem: changing conditions personal and societal, over the lifespan.

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Cohort

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A group defined by the share age of its members, who because they were born at about the same time, move thorough life together, experiencing the same historical events and cultural shift .

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Socioeconomic status (SES)

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A person's position in society as determine by income, wealth, occupation, education and place of residence

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Culture

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A system of shared beliefs, norms, behavior and expectation that persist over time and prescribed social behavior and assumptions.

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Social construction

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A concept constructed or made by the society. Social construction affect how people think and behave and what they value, ignore and punish

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Difference-equals-deficit error

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The assumption the people not like us (different) are inferior (deficit).

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Ethnic group

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People who were born in the same region and who often share a language, culture and religion.

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Race

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A group of people regarded as distinct from other groups on the basis of appearance typically skin color. Social sciencestist think race is a , misleading concept as biological differences are not signified by outward appearing.

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Epigenetics

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Referring to the effects of environmental forces on the expression of an individual's or species; genetic inheritance.