The Respiratory System

Front 1

What is the major function of the respiratory system?

Back 1

To supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide

Front 2

What four processes are involved in respiration?

Back 2

Pulmonary ventalation, External respiration, transport of respatory gases, and Internal respiration

Front 3

Pulmonary Ventalation

Back 3

*BREATHING* Movement of air in and out of the lungs so that the gases there are continuously changed and refreshed

Front 4

External Respiration

Back 4

Movement of oxygen from the lungs to the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood to the lungs

Front 5

Transport of respiratory gasses

Back 5

transport of oxygen from the lungs to tissue cells of the body and of carbon dioxidefrom the tissue cells to the lungs. Blood is used as transporting fluid

Front 6

Internal respiration

Back 6

movement of oxygen from the blood to the tissue cells and of carbon dioxide from tissue cells to blood

Front 7

What does the respiratory system include?

Back 7

the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and their smaller branches, and the lungs, whcih contain termanal air sacs , or avioli

Front 8

The respiratory zone

Back 8

the actual site of gas exchange

Front 9

What does the respirtaory zone consist of?

Back 9

respiratory bronchioles,alveolar ducts, and alveoli

Front 10

The conducting zone

Back 10

areas that provide fairly rigid conduits for air to reach the gas exchange sites. The conducting zone organs also cleanse, humidify, and warm incoming air

Front 11

What is the job of the nose?

Back 11

(1) provide an airway for respiration,(2)mosten and warm incomming air,(3)filters and cleans inspired air,(4)serves as a resonating chamber for speech, and (5) houses the olefatory (smell) receptors

Front 12

What is the midline of the nasal cavity?

Back 12

the nasal septum

Front 13

The part of the nasal cavity just superior to the nostrils and is lined with skin containing sebaceous and sweat glands and numerous hair folicules

Back 13

The nasal vestibule

Front 14

The hairs

Back 14

vibrissae, which filter course particles from the inspired air

Front 15

The olefactory mucosa

Back 15

lines the slitlike superior region of the nasal cavity, and contains smell receptors

Front 16

The respiratory mucosa

Back 16

a psuedostratified ciliated columnar epethelium, containing scattered goblet cells

Front 17

Lysozome

Back 17

an antibacterial secreted in the mucous, that attackcs and destoys bacteria chemically

Front 18

defensin

Back 18

secreted by the respiratpry mucosa, natural antibiotics that help get rid of invading microbes

Front 19

Superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae

Back 19

greatly increase the mucosal surface area exposed to the air and enhance turbulance in the cavity. Filter, heat, and mositen air, acts during exhilation too, to regain the heat and moisture

Front 20

Paranasal sinuses

Back 20

located in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillarybones. Lighten the skull, and together with the nasal cavity, they warm and moisten the air

Front 21

Rhinitis

Back 21

inflamation of the nasal mucosa accompanied by excessive mucus production, nasal congestion, and postnasal drip

Front 22

What is the Pharynx commonly called?

Back 22

The throat

Front 23

What does the Pharynx connect?

Back 23

the nasal cavity and the mouth superiorly to the larynex and esophogus inferiorly. Resembels a short length of garden hose

Front 24

What three regions is the Pharynx divided into?

Back 24

the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynex

Front 25

Where is the Nasopharynx located

Back 25

posterior to the nasal cavity,inferior to the sphenoid bone, and superior to the level of the soft palate

Front 26

What does the nasopharynx act as?

Back 26

Only as an air passageway

Front 27

What closes of the nasopharny during swallowing so that food doesnt get in the nasal cavity?

Back 27

The soft palate and its uvulva.

Front 28

Paryngeal tonsil

Back 28

located on the posterior was of the nasopharynx, traps and destroys pathogens entering the nasopharynx in the air

Front 29

What passes through the oropharynx

Back 29

bolth swallowed food and air

Front 30

As the nasopharynx changes into the oropharynx, how does the epithelium change?

Back 30

From psuedostratified columnar to a more protective stratified squamous epethelium, accomodating for increased friction and greater chemical trauma from food.

Front 31

Which tonsils are located in the oropharynx?

Back 31

The paired palatine tonsils and the lingual tonsils

Front 32

Where is the laropharnyx located/ what epethelium is it made out of?

Back 32

inferior to the oropharynx, made of stratfied squamous epethelium. continuouse with the esophogus, which conducts food and fluid to the stomache

Front 33

The larynx is known as the?

Back 33

Voice Box

Front 34

What are the Larynx three main functions?

Back 34

(1) provide an open airway (2) act as a swithching mechanism for food and air (3) voice production

Front 35

Except for the epiglotis, all laryngeal cartilages are ?

Back 35

hyaline cartalige

Front 36

What is the Adam's Apple?

Back 36

Thyroid cartilage

Front 37

Below the Adam's apple are?

Back 37

Ring shaped cricoid cartilage

Front 38

What anchors the vocal chords?

Back 38

the pyramid shaped arytenoid cartilages

Front 39

What is the epiglotis composed of?

Back 39

Elastic cartilage and almost entirely cover by taste bud containing mucosa.

Front 40

What happens during swallowing?

Back 40

The larynx is pulled superiorly and the epiglotis tips to cover the laryngeal inlet.

Front 41

What is the epiglotis known as?

Back 41

The guardian of the air ways.

Front 42

What forms the vocal folds or TRUE vocal cords?

Back 42

vocal ligaments, composed largely of elastic fibers, which lack blood vessels.

Front 43

What is the glottis?

Back 43

the vocal folds and the medial opening between them, in which air rushes through.

Front 44

Vestibular folds.

Back 44

superior to the vocal folds, are the false vocal cords and play no part in voice production

Front 45

What does speech invovle?

Back 45

The intermittent release of expired air and the opening and closing of the glottis

Front 46

What does pitch depend on?

Back 46

The length and tension ofthe cords.

Front 47

What does tensor cords mean?

Back 47

the faster they vibrate and the higher the pitch.

Front 48

The glottis is wide for ____tones and narrow for _____.

Back 48

wide for deep tones and narrow for high-pitched sounds

Front 49

What does loudness of the voice depend on?

Back 49

the force with witch the airstream rushes across vocal cords.

Front 50

The vocal cords do not move at all when we ____

Back 50

Whisper

Front 51

Laryngitis

Back 51

Inflamation of the vocal cords

Front 52

Valsalca's maneuver

Back 52

vocal cords act as a sphincter that preents air pasage. During abdominal straining associated with defecation, the glottis muscles contract, causing intra-abdominal pressure to rise. can also help stablize the core when lifting a heavy load.

Front 53

The Trachea is known as the?

Back 53

Wind Pipe

Front 54

What does the trachea divide into?

Back 54

Two main bronchi, at the midthorax

Front 55

What layers does the trachea have?

Back 55

The mucosa, submucosa,, and adventitia.

Front 56

What does smoking do y=to the cilia?

Back 56

inhibits and ultimately destroys cilia, after which coughing is the only means of preventing mucus from accumulating in the lungs. Smokers should avoid medications that inhibit the cough reflex.

Front 57

What does the mucosa of the Trachea contain?

Back 57

Internal to the throat layer* goblet cell containg psuedostratified epethelium that occurs through out the respiratory tract. Its celia propel debris.

Front 58

What does the submucosa of the trachea contain?

Back 58

* middle layer* a connective tissue laer deep to the mucosa, contains seromucous glands that help produce the mucus "sheets" within the trachea.

Front 59

What does the adventitia layer of the trachea contain?

Back 59

*outermost layer* a connective tissue laer, reinforced internally by 16-20 hyaline rings of cartilage

Front 60

What do the cartilage rings do/ what advantage does it give the trachea, that the posterior parts of the rings are open?

Back 60

The rings of hyaline cartilage keep the trachea from collapsing during breathimg. The open end of the rings allow for the esophogus to expand anteriorly as swallowed food passes through it.

Front 61

What does contraction of the trachial muscles cause?

Back 61

decreases the tracheas diameter, causing expired air to rush forward with greater force, and helps to expel enlauged objects

Front 62

What marks the point where the trachea branches into two main bronchi

Back 62

a spar of cartilage called the carina, wich has a highly sensitive mucosa that causes violent caughing when something makes contact with it.

Front 63

The Heimlich maneuver

Back 63

a procedure in which air from the victim's lungs is used to expel an obstructing object

Front 64

The bronchial tree is the site where conducting zone structures give way to___

Back 64

respiratory zone structures.

Front 65

The right and left bronchi are a subdivision of what?

Back 65

The treachea

Front 66

Which bronchus is wider, shorter, more vertical, and a more common place for an oblect to get lodged?

Back 66

The right main bronchus

Front 67

What does the main bronchus subdivide into, once inside the lungs?

Back 67

lobar (secondary) bronchi (3 on the right and 2 on the left)

Front 68

What does the lobar bronchi branc into?

Back 68

third order, segmental (teritary) bronchi, which divide into smaller and smaller bronchi.

Front 69

Overall there are about how many braching air passageways in the lungs?

Back 69

23

Front 70

passages smaller than 1mm in diameter are called ____ and the smallest of these are called ___

Back 70

bronchiles and terminal bronchioles

Front 71

What happens as the conducting zones become smaller and smaller?

Back 71

support structures change, being the rings are replaced by irregular plates of cartilage. Epethelium changes from psuedostratified columnar to columnar to cuboidal. the amount of smooth muscle increases

Front 72

alveoli

Back 72

thin walled air sacs, sight of gas exchange, provide tremendous surface area for gas exchange

Front 73

The respiratory zone begins as___

Back 73

the terminal bronchiles feed into respiratory bronchials

Front 74

The respiratory bronchioles lead into___

Back 74

winding alveolar sacs, a bunch of grapes....

Front 75

type I cells

Back 75

squamous epethelial cells that compose the walls of the alveoli, surounded by a flimsy basement membrane

Front 76

What forms the respiratory membrane (thick air blood barrier)?

Back 76

the alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes

Front 77

type II cells

Back 77

scatter amid the type I cells, they are cuboidal cells, that secrete a fluid containing surfactant that coats the gas exposed alveolar surfaces, reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid

Front 78

What allows air pressure throughout the lung to be equalized and provide alternate air routes to any alveoli whose broncho have collapsed

Back 78

open aleolar poores, connecting adjaent alveoli

Front 79

Lung root

Back 79

vascular and bronchial attachments

Front 80

the lung apex

Back 80

the narow superior tip of th elung

Front 81

the hilum

Back 81

an indention on the lungs in which pulmonary and systemic blood vessels enter and leave the lungs

Front 82

the cardiac notch

Back 82

indention on the left lung that accomidates for the heart

Front 83

the left lung has___ lobes

Back 83

superior and inferior lobes, subdivided by the oblique fissures

Front 84

The right lung has ____lobes

Back 84

supeior,inferior, and middle lobes

Front 85

The smallest subdivisions of the lung that are visible to the naked eye?

Back 85

lobules, which appear at the lung surface as hexagons, each served by a large bronchiole and its branches

Front 86

lung tissue

Back 86

stroma, mostly elastic connective tissue

Front 87

Pleurae

Back 87

a thin double layered serosa

Front 88

Parietal pleura

Back 88

covers the thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm, an dcontinues around the heart and lungs

Front 89

Visceral pleura

Back 89

cover the external lung surface

Front 90

The pleurae produce ____

Back 90

pleural fluid, which fills the slitlike pleural cavity between them, and allows the lungs to -glide easily over the thorax wall during breathing movements

Front 91

pleural effusion

Back 91

fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity

Front 92

REsppiratory pressures are always described relative to ____pressure

Back 92

atmospheric pressure (Patm), which is the pressure exerted by the air(gasses) surrounding the body. At sea level atmospheric pressure is 760mm Hg = 1atm

Front 93

A negative respiratory pressure in any respiratory area means_____.

Back 93

the the pressure in that area is lower than atmospheric pressure

Front 94

Zeroe respiratory presure

Back 94

Is = to atmospheric pressure

Front 95

Intrapulmonary pessure (Ppul)

Back 95

Pressure in the alveoli, rises and falls with phases of breathing, but ALWAYS eventually equalizes

Front 96

intrapleural pressure (Pio)

Back 96

also fluctuates, but is ALWAYS NEGATIVE, about 4mm Hg less than Ppul

Front 97

The lungs natural tendancey is to____.

Back 97

recoil

Front 98

What happens when Pip equalizes?

Back 98

emmediate lung collapse

Front 99

Atelectasis

Back 99

lung collapse, occurs when a bronchiole is plugged or when air enters the plearal cavity

Front 100

Volume changes lead to _____ , which leads to the flow of gasses to equalize pressure

Back 100

pressure changes

Front 101

Boyles law:

Back 101

at constant temperature, the pressure of a gas varies inverley with its volume. P1V1=P2V2

Front 102

insperatory muscles

Back 102

the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

Front 103

When the diaphragm contracts, it moves _____

Back 103

inferiorly and flattens out, as a result the height increases

Front 104

Contraction of the intercostal muscles does what?

Back 104

Lifts the rib cage and pulls the sternum superiorly, and swing outward, expanding the diameter of the thorax.

Front 105

Which of the inspiratory muscles are more important in increasing thorasic volume?

Back 105

The diaphragm

Front 106

Inspiration ends when?

Back 106

Ppul=Patm

Front 107

As the ispiratory muscles relax and resume their resting length, the rib cage decends and the lungs recoil, causing which volumes to decrease?

Back 107

Itrapulmonary and thoracic volumes, which compresses the alveoli and Ppul rises

Front 108

F(gas flow)=change in P(presure)/R(resistance

Back 108

The amount of gas flowing into and out of the alveolis is directly proportional to the difference in pressure, or pressure gradient

Front 109

What causes strong constriction during an acute asthma attack?

Back 109

histamine and other inflamatory chemicals

Front 110

SURFACE TENSION

Back 110

draws the liquid molecules closer together reduces contact with gas and resists any force that tends to increase the surface area of a liquid

Front 111

What is the job of surfactant?

Back 111

a detergent like complex of lipids and proteins produced by type II alveolar cells, that reduces the cohesiveness of water molecules, therfore reducing surface tension

Front 112

IRDS infant respiratory distress sydrome

Back 112

premature babies are unable to produce enough surfunctant to keep their alveoli inflated inbetween breaths

Front 113

lung compliance

Back 113

measure of the change in lung volume that occures with a given change in transpulmonary pressure. The more a lung expands for a given rise in transpulmonary pressure, the greater its complience

Front 114

Tidal Volume (TV)

Back 114

During normal, quite breathing, about 500ml of air moves in and ot of the lungs

Front 115

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Back 115

The amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond tidal volume (2100-3200ml)

Front 116

Expiratory Reserve Volume(ERV)

Back 116

The amount of air that can be forcibly evacuated from the lungs after tidal volume (1000-1200ml)

Front 117

Residual Volume (RV)

Back 117

The amount of air that always remains in the lungs (about 1200ml)

Front 118

Inspiratory Capacity(IC)

Back 118

The total amount of air that can be inspired after tidal experation= TV and IRV

Front 119

Functional Residual Capacity )FRC

Back 119

the amount of air remaing in the lungs after tidal expiration =RV +ERV

Front 120

Vital Capacity

Back 120

Total amount of exchangeable air= TV=IRV=ERV about 4800ml

Front 121

Total Lung Capacity(TLC)

Back 121

the sum of all lung volumes and is normally arounds 6000ml

Front 122

anatomical dead space

Back 122

some of the air fills the conducting respiratory passageways and never contributes to gas exchange in the aveoli, typically amounts to 150 ml. one ml per pound of ideal body weight

Front 123

total dead volume=

Back 123

alveolar dead spae+anatomical dead psace.

Front 124

Spirometer

Back 124

the origional clinical measuring device for variouse lung volumes

Front 125

minute ventilation

Back 125

the total amount of gas that flows into or out of the respiratory tract in 1 minute about 6L/min

Front 126

Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

Back 126

The amount of gas expelles when a subject takes a deep breath and then forcefully exhales maximally and as rapidly as possible those with healthy lungs can exhale 80% of FVC w/in one minute

Front 127

What is a better index for effective ventilation?

Back 127

alveolar ventilation rate, AVR= frequency(braths/min) X (TV-deadspace)

Front 128

Dawlton's Law of partial pressures

Back 128

the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gasses is the sumof pressure exerted independantly by each gas it PARTIAL PRESSURE is directly proportional to the percentage of that gas in the gas mixture

Front 129

Henry's Law

Back 129

When a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will disolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure. the greater the concentration of gas, the more and the faster the gas will go into solution in liquid..hyperbaric oxygen chambers

Front 130

oxygen toxicity

Back 130

develops rapidly when Po2 is greater than 2.5-3atm, resulting in coma or death

Front 131

What three feacotrs influence the movement of oxygen and cargon dioxide across the respiratory membrane?

Back 131

(1) partail pressure gradients
(2) matching of alveolar ventilation and pulmonary blood perfusion
(3) structural characteristics of the respiratory membrane

Front 132

For gas exchange to be efficient there must be a ?

Back 132

close match or coupling, between ventilation ( the amount of gas reaching the alveoli) and perfusion (the blood flow in pulmonary capillary beds.

Front 133

In healthy lungs, the respiratory membrane is only__to __um thick

Back 133

0.5 to 1

Front 134

The greater the ____ the more gas thatt can defuse across it in a given time period.

Back 134

surface area

Front 135

Molecular oxygen is carried in blood in two ways:

Back 135

(1) bound to hemoglobin within red blood cells (2)dissolve inplasma

Front 136

Oxyhemoglobin

Back 136

HbO2

Front 137

Hypoxia

Back 137

inadiquate oxygen delivery to body tissues

Front 138

anemic hypoxia

Back 138

results from too fee RBCs

Front 139

Ischemic (stagnant) hypoxia

Back 139

results from blood circulation being inpaired or blocked

Front 140

hypxemic hypoxia

Back 140

abnormal ventilation-perfusion coupling

Front 141

Carbon monoxide poisoning

Back 141

confused, throbbing headache

Front 142

Which nerves are critical in respiration?

Back 142

the dorasal respiratory group (DRG) nerve IV and the ventral respiratory group (VRG) brain stem to the pons and medulla

Front 143

Hyperventillation

Back 143

an increase in the rate and depth of breathing that exceeds the body's need to remove CO2, low Co2 levels in the blood cause cerebral blood vessels to constrict, reducing brain perfusion and producing cerebral ischemia

Front 144

Apnea

Back 144

breathing cessation

Front 145

Hypoxic drive

Back 145

the principal respiratory stimulus

Front 146

hypernea

Back 146

increase in ventilation in response to metabolic needs

Front 147

acclimatization

Back 147

when you move on a long term basis from sea level to the mountains, your body begins to make respiratory and hematopoietic adjustments via an addaptive response

Front 148

Tuberculosis

Back 148

spread by coughing and primarily enters the body in inhailed air.

Front 149

Cystic fibrosis

Back 149

the most common lethal genetic disease in North America, causes secretion of abnormally vicous mucus that clogs the respiratory passages, providing a breeding ground for airborn activity that predisposes the child to respiratory infection, too much mucins, which the bacteria feed on

Front 150

Respiratory rate is highest in ?

Back 150

newborn infants (40-80 respirations per minute) % years 25, and adults 12-18 per minute. In old age it increases again