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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Major Functions of the Respiratory System |
- O2, CO2 exchange between blood and air - Speech: voice production via larynx - Special sense organ for olfaction - pH control - Valsalva Maneuvers |
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How does the respiratory system aid in pH control? |
by removing CO2 from the body, decreases acidity of liquid (body) environment - CO2 + water = carbonic acid - exhale to get rid of |
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Valsalva Maneuvers |
contraction of respiratory muscles that aid in expelling objects from the body (generate pressure) - urination, defecation, childbirth |
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4 processes involved in respiration |
- Pulmonary ventilation - External respiration - Transport of respiratory gases - Internal respiration |
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Pulmonary Ventilation |
- done by respiratory system - act of breathing in and out |
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External respiration |
- done by respiratory system - exchange of gases between external and internal world at a place called respiratory membrane |
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Respiratory Membrane |
- where lung tissue meets pulmonary capillaries |
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Transport of Respiratory Gases |
- not function of respiratory system - mainly done by cardiovascular system |
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Internal Respiration |
exchange of gases between blood and your cells - O2 → cells → make ATP |
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Upper Respiratory System |
- nose - pharynx (throat) |
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Lower Respiratory System |
- larynx (voice box) - Trachea (windpipe) - Bronchi - Lungs |
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Functionally/Physiologically the 2 parts of respiratory system |
- Conducting zone - Respiratory zone |
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Conducting Zone |
- organs that are just there to move air → respiratory zone |
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Respiratory Zone |
- structures where gas exchange occurs - microscopic - builds respiratory membrane |
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External Nose |
- skin and muscle-covered portion of the nose - bordered inferiorly by the maxillary bones - superiorly by the nasal bones |
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External Nares |
- build from cartilage hanging off of bone - nostrils |
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Cartilaginous framework of the external nose |
what gives the shape 3 larger hyaline cartilages: - unpaired septal nasal cartilage (bridge) - paired major alar cartilages and minor cartilages (tip) |
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Auditory Tube |
where ears → throat to equalize pressure on either side of eardrum |
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Superior, Middle, Inferior Nasal Meatus |
- lined with mucous membrane - simple squamous (mucosa) - areolar CT - air turbulence: warming and cleaning |
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Nasal Septum is formed by |
- septal nasal cartilage - attaches to the vomer and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone |
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Pharynx Functions |
- passageway for air and food (connects nasal cavity and larynx) - provides resonating chamber for speech sounds |
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3 regions of the pharynx |
- Nasopharynx - Oropharynx - Laryngopharynx |
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Nasopharynx |
- respiratory - contains opening of auditory tubes, pharyngeal tonsils - lined with pharyngeal constricting muscles |
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What do the pharyngeal constricting muscles do? |
- contract top → down to guide air in correct direction - can get confused and contract backwards turning nasopharynx into digestive (laughing and food/water out of nose) |
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Oropharynx |
- respiratory and digestive - palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils - back of oral cavity |
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Laryngopharynx |
- respiratory and digestive - continuous with esophagus and larynx - last stop → split off into systems |
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Muscle of pharynx are innervated by.. |
cranial nerves IX and X |
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3 Functions of Larynx |
- voice production (vocal folds) - Provides and open airway - Routes air and food into the proper channels |
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Vocal Folds |
- on inside of glottis (arytenoid cartilages (true)) - piece of tight tissue - as air moves past → vibrate - constricted/tight = high voice - loose = low voice |
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Superior opening in larynx during swallowing and breathing |
- closed during swallowing - open during breathing |
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Voice box connects.. |
laryngopharynx with the trachea |
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The wall of the larynx composed of 9 pieces of cartilage |
- mostly hyaline - 3 occur singly (thyroid cartilage, epiglottis, and cricoid cartilage) - 3 occur in pairs |
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Thyroid Cartilage |
- Adam's Apple - bow tie shaped - build upper part of larynx |
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Epiglottis |
- Mostly elastic cartilage CT - Door that closes when swallow |
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Glottis |
- actual opening of door - opening to larynx |
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Trachea |
- windpipe - tubular passageway for air - extends from the larynx to the superior border of T5 then divides into right and left primary bronchi - descends into the mediastinum - C-shaped cartilage rings keep airway open (open in back so food doesn't get stuck) |
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Carina |
- marks where trachea divides into 2 primary bronchi - exceptionally sensitive smooth muscle and glands of the trachea are innervated by cranial nerve X - tells muscle to go crazy if anything other than air touches it and initiates deep coughing reflex |
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Bronchi |
- located at the superior border of T5 - divides into a right primary bronchus and a left primary bronchus - Right (main)primary = wider and shorter than left - the bronchi divide to form the secondary(lobar) bronchi, one for each lobe of lung (R = 3 lobar L= 2 lobar) |
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Once reach the bronchioles, what tissue is holding them open? |
smooth muscle tissue |
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Mediastinum separates the thoracic cavity into |
- 2 automatically distinct chambers - set up of membranes allow you to build pressure differences to breath |
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Costal Surface |
Indents along lungs where ribs go |
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Hilum |
- place in organ where a bunch of tubes enter and exit - on inside surface of lungs - find in kidneys as well |
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Bronchopulmonary Segments |
Segments of Tertiary Bronchi |
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Alveoli |
- build respiratory division - ~300 million - alveoli account for tremendous surface area of the lungs - made from simple squamous epithelium |
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Alveolar sac consists of |
2 or more alveoli that share a common opening |
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The wall of alveoli consist of two types of alveolar epithelial cells |
- type I alveolar cells - type II alveolar cells |
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Type I Alveolar Cells |
- allow for gas exchange - simple squamous |
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Type II Alveolar Cells |
- septal cells - built into walls - secrete surfactant - last thing to mature embryonically - respiratory distress syndrome - born without mature type II cells |
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Surfactant |
- coats inside surface of alveoli - "fatty alcohol" - reduces effort needed to breath - when alveoli collapse (exhale) allows them to pop back open |
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Alveolar Macrophage |
- type of WBC - wandering phagocyte - on inside surface of alveoli and eats any garbage that enters |
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Respiratory Mucosa |
- consists of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium - cilia move contaminated mucosa out of respiratory tract |
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Supportive Connective Tissue Change |
C-shaped hyaline rings → cartilage plates |
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Epithelium Changes |
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar → simple columnar → simple cuboidal epithelium |
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Smooth Muscle job in respiratory system |
- airways widen with sympathetic stimulation - airways constrict under parasympathetic direction |
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Structures of Respiratory Zone |
- Respiratory Bronchioles → lead to alveolar ducts → alveolar sacs → alveoli - no cartilage and no mucus - smooth muscle tissue - no mucus |
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Respiration and its 3 steps |
Exchange of gases between atmospheric, blood, and body cells in 3 steps: - pulmonary ventilation - external (pulmonary) respiration - internal (tissue) respiration |
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What allows you to ventilate? |
- thoracic cavity is a closed membrane - walls of cavity built from ribs and muscle |
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2 phases of pulmonary ventilation |
- inspiration - expiration |
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Gas law that allows you to ventilate? |
- Boyle's law (ideal gas law) - ↑ volume = ↓ pressure - ↓ volume = ↑ pressure |
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Inspiration (gas law) |
increases volume of thoracic cavity so the pressure in cavity decreases (lower than atm pressure) - air goes with pressure gradient from higher outside to lower inside |
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Exhalation (gas law) |
decreases volume of thoracic cavity so the pressure in cavity increases (higher than atm pressure) - down pressure gradient from higher inside to lower outside |
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Atmospheric pressure |
760 mmHg |
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Action of muscles in Inhalation |
Diaphragm: - diaphragm contracts and flattens/lowers External Intercostal Muscles: - contraction raises ribs Accessory Muscles: forced inspiration - sternocleidomastoid - elevates sternum - scalenes - fixes and elevates ribs 1-2 - erector spinae: extend the back - pectoralis minor |
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Action of muscles during quiet expiration |
- mostly passive - inspiratory muscles relax - diaphragm moves superiorly(decreasing volume) |
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Action of muscles during forced expiration |
contraction of: - internal and external oblique muscles: depresses ribs - transverse abdominis muscles: weak action - rectus abdominis and external obliques contract and compress organs into diaphragm/thoracic space - decreasing volume of cavity space |
