The Respiratory System

Front 1

Respiratory system includes __.

Back 1

Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, & lungs.

Front 2

Actual site of gas exchange - bronchioles, aveolar ducts, alveoli, & microscopic structures.

Back 2

Respiratory zone

Front 3

Rigid conduits for air to reach gas exchange sites.

Back 3

Conducting zone

Front 4

Which organ contains both conducting & respiratory zone structures?

Back 4

The lungs

Front 5

Under normal resting conditions, arterial blood hemoglobin is __% saturated.

Back 5

98

Front 6

Under normal resting conditions, venous blood hemoglobin is __% saturated.

Back 6

75

Front 7

2,3-biphosphoglycerate - binds w/hemoglobin & is produced by RBCs as they break down glucose by anaerobic glycolysis.

Back 7

BPG

Front 8

Enhances oxygen unloading - declining blood pH (acidosis) & increase Pco2 weakens Hb-O2 bond

Back 8

Bohr effect

Front 9

Cyanosis occurs when Hb saturation falls below __.

Back 9

75%

Front 10

Ischemic (stagnant) hypoxia results __.

Back 10

when blood circulation is impaired or blocked.

Front 11

Cyanide poisioning causes __ hypoxia.

Back 11

histotoxic - body cells unable to use O2

Front 12

Due to abnormal ventilation - perfusion exchange - pulmonary disease - lack of O2 in air.

Back 12

Hypoxemic hypoxia

Front 13

Normal body cells produce __ ml of CO2 each minute.

Back 13

200

Front 14

Substance that reduces surface tension of watery film between alveoli - w/o it surface tension can collapse.

Back 14

Pulmonary surfactant

Front 15

Enzyme in RBCs that catalyze unbound CO2 to carbonic acid -maintains gradient so CO2 leaves fluid & enters blood.

Back 15

Carbonic anhydrase

Front 16

Bathes medulla - a drop in pH stimulates receptors to change breathing rate.

Back 16

Cerebrospinal fluid & CO2

Front 17

Receptors that detect levels of O2 & CO2 in arterial blood.

Back 17

Carotid bodies & aortic bodies

Front 18

CO2 is transported primarily as __ in plasma.

Back 18

bicarbonate ion (HCO3)

Front 19

The lower the Hb saturation w/oxygen, the more CO2 can be carried in blood.

Back 19

Haldane effect

Front 20

The Haldane effect encourages __ exchange in tissues & lungs.

Back 20

CO2

Front 21

Excess H+ is removed by forming __.

Back 21

carbonic acid - This is the carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer system.

Front 22

Slow, shallow breathing allows CO2 to __.

Back 22

accumulate in blood & blood pH drops

Front 23

Rapid, deep breathing reduces __.

Back 23

CO2 out of blood & increase pH.

Front 24

Breathing involves neurons in __.

Back 24

reticular formation of medulla & pons.

Front 25

Neurons in root of cranial nerve IX - integrates input from stretch & chemoreceptors & communicates w/VRG.

Back 25

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

Front 26

Neurons in ventral brain stem - rhythm-generating & integrative center.

Back 26

Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

Front 27

Average breaths per minute.

Back 27

12-15 eupnea

Front 28

What generates gasping during severe hypoxia?

Back 28

VRG networks

Front 29

Air hunger - labored breathing

Back 29

Dyspnea

Front 30

Fine tunes breathing rhythms generated by VRG

Back 30

Pontine respiratory group

Front 31

Respiratory rate is determined by __.

Back 31

how long inspiratory center is active

Front 32

Most important factors that influence breathing rate & depth.

Back 32

Levels of CO2, O2 & H+ in arterial blood as sensed by chemoreceptors in medulla - aortic arch & carotid arteries.

Front 33

Arterial Pco2 is normally __ mm Hg.

Back 33

40

Front 34

pH drops in cerebrospinal fluid - CO2 levels rise in blood.

Back 34

hypercapnia

Front 35

hyperventilation removes __.

Back 35

CO2 - low CO2 in blood (hypocapnia).

Front 36

Main oxygen sensors

Back 36

Chemoreceptors in carotid bodies

Front 37

How to get rid of excess acid in blood.

Back 37

Increase respiratory rate & depth.

Front 38

__ in blood pH inhibits respiration.

Back 38

Increase

Front 39

The __ modifies respiration rate & depth in response to emotion & temp.

Back 39

hypothalamus

Front 40

Protective response to prevent excessive stretching of lungs.

Back 40

Hering-Breuer reflex (inflation)

Front 41

Causes secretion of abnormally thick mucus - air sacs become cysts.

Back 41

Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

Front 42

Lung condition - neutrophils secrete chemicals that increase capillary permeability & edema results - often lethal.

Back 42

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Front 43

Surgical removal of an infected pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)

Back 43

Adenoidectomy

Front 44

Abnormal breathing pattern seen just before death - trauma & hypoxia of brain stem & CO2 pressure imbalances in CSF.

Back 44

Cheyne-Stokes breathing

Front 45

Thin plastic tube through trachea through nose or mouth - delivers oxygen to patients who are breathing inadequately.

Back 45

Endotracheal tube

Front 46

Epistaxis

Back 46

Nosebleed

Front 47

Inability to breathe in horizontal position.

Back 47

Orthopnea

Front 48

Branch of medicine dealing w/diagnosis & treatment of ears, nose & throat.

Back 48

Otorhinolaryngology

Front 49

Obstruction of pulmonary artery by an embolus (blood clot)- chest pain, bloody cough, tachycardia, & rapid, shallow breathing.

Back 49

Pulmonary embolism

Front 50

Unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant during sleep.

Back 50

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)