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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is on of the most notable inheritable diseases that almost always effects the respiratory system?
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CF
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What does CF require to mainfest the disease?
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defective gene from both the mother and father
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The actual genetic composition of a gene is referred to as what?
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genotype
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What is phenotype?
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clinical manifesations caused by morphological, physiological, or biochemical alteratoins of that genetic mutation
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What can CF affect in the body?
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may affect any secretory ogran of the body (lungs, liver, pancreas, sweat glands)
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What are some factors that can influence the development of asthma in children?
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1. mother who smokes while preganant
2. Viral infections (RSV) 3. Surfactant -B deficiency |
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The first period of life, is termed embryonic period, begins at approx. how many days after conception?
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day 26
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All human cells originate from one of three embryological germ tissues, know as?
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1. endoderm
2. mesoderm 3. ectoderm |
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What type of tissue lines the repiratory syste and is considered endodermal in origin?
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epithelium
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The pulmonary artieries and veins form from where?
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Pul artieries form as buds off the 6th pair aortic arches, and rudimentary pulomanry veins emerge fro mthe developing heart
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Injury to the 26th day development of the budding respiratory system can lead to congenital anomalies including?
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1. tracheoesophageal fistulas
2. choanal atresia, 3. pulmonary hypoplasia 4. complex heart and vascular anomalies |
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At wha stage of gestation and the name does th elung appearance of glandular structure, hense the name of the 2nd stage?
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6 week/pseudoglanular stage
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The 1st period, termed _____________, begins at approximately day 26 after conception as an outpouching of the primitive foregut.
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Embroyonic period
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All human cells originate from one of three embryological germ tissues called?
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1. endoderm
2. mesoderm 3. ectoderm |
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The epithelium , or lining cells of the entire respiratory system are what type germ tissues?
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endodermal in origin
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Injury during when pulmonary artieries form as buds off the 6th pair of arotic arches and rudimentary pul. veines ermerge developing the heart can lead to what type of anomalies?
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1. tracheoesphageal fistulas
2. choanal atresia 3. pulmonary hypoplasia 4. complex heart and vascular anomalies |
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What what week of gestation the lung has the appearance of a glandular strucuture?
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glandular, hence the pseudoglandular stage
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A single bud that develops off of an existing structure is termed what?
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Monopodial bud
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Airways that divide into two or more airways do so by what ?
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Dichotomous branching
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Absence and/or dysfunction of cilia, which is seen in what syndrome?
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Kartagener's or primary cilia dyskinesia
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What provides rigidity, especially for the trachea and moving distally, the amount of cartliage supporting the airway diseases as smooth muscle cells increase in number and assume the role of m/ting airway patency?
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mESODERMDERIVED
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The 3rd stage of development begins at what week and iscalled what stage?
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7th week and is canalicular stage
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At what weeks is the fetus potentially viable if born prematurely?
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24-26 wks
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At what stage does TYpe I/II cells furthur differentiate and elongate, dramatically increasing the surface area available for gaseous exchange?
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Saccular stage 26-28 wlks
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Type II pneumocytes contains what type of strucutures, that soon manufacture and secrete the vital pulmonary surfactant necessary to alter surface tension and keep the lungs inflated?
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Lamellar bodies
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Insufficient surfactant in premature infants can lead to development of a membrane that lines the alveolar cells and could interfer with gas exchange, what does this condition called?
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Hyaline membrane disease and often develops in IRDS
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what chemicals inside the fetal lung fluid helps the FRC of the lung during intrauterine life?
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1. pulmonary sufactants
2. Aspirated amniotic fluids 3. plasma ultrafiltrate from the microcirculation |
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Within a week of uterine implantation, fingerlike projections called what, arise from the embryo's aorta and invade the uterine endometrium?
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Chorionic villi
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The umbilical cord consists of what?
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single vein (returning blood to fetus)
Two umbilical arteries ( carrying blood to the placenta) |
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The Maternal blood in the intervillous space has a mean PaO2 of approximately what pressure?
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50 mmHg.
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Other than partial pressure of oxygen that allows uptake to the tissue, what else aids oxygen uptake by the fetus?
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Bohr effect
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what is the main reason that signs cyanosis is fairly immediate versus adults?
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b/c of the left shift of the HbF dissosciation curve..
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Oxygenated blood form the placenta is carried in the umbilical vein to the fetal circuatlation via what system?
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Hepatic
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What is the foramen ovale?
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opening inthe atrium that seperates left from the right and during fetal life, 50% of blood is shunted from the rt atrium into the left atrium
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What is the ductus arteriosus
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opening in the descending aorta, due to high pulmonary pressure inthe lungs, only 10% of blood entering the PA actually flows into the lungs.
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What keeps the ductus arteriosus open?
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1. volume of blood flowing through
2. |
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A few days before birth (if at term), Lung fluid production stops, favoring change of fluid dynamics, then what happens?
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Protien concnetration of fluid in the pulmonary capillaries is higher that the protien concentration of fluid in alveolus, lung fluid begins to move into the circulation
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Labor also helps drying of the lung through what increase chemcial?
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catecholamines
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How much of the fluid is removed from the lungs during vaginal delivery?
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1/3 and the pulmonary capillaries clear the remaining fluid through the lymphatics
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After delivery, high transpulmonary pressure gradients must take place for normal breathing, how much pressure does it take for the to happen?
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40cmH2O
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Anatomical closure of the ductus, through fibrosis, normally occurs with how many weeks?
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3 weeks
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When does the foramen ovale close?
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permanent closure of the tissu flap may take up to several months
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what age does most infants are capable of full oral ventilatoin?
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4-5 months
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How does a infant suck and breath at the same time?
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during swallowing, infant's larynx provides a direct connection to the naso pharyns. two serpeate pathways.
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What is the average dead spcae of neborn?
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.75lb/lb of body weight.
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Rule of Thumb when discussing difference btw bronchi and bronchioles?
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Airways >2mm in diameter contain cartliage are bronchi
Airways <2mm without cartliage are bronchiloes |
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Do to the lack of rigidity of infants airways, what types of conditions can arise from lack of rigidity?
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Tracheomalacia or bronchomalacia
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What two combinations account for a significant percentage of wheezy illnesses in young infants?
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anatomical differences (male<female) and airway smooth muscle reactivity
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The pulmonary artery and its branches are classifed as either conventional arteries or ?
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supernumeray arteries
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Postnatally, conventional arteries continue to branch until what age?
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18 months of age
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After lung transplanted what conditions plague transplant recipients?
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1. airways mechanics
2. vascular supply 3. lymphatics 4. v/q mismatch 5. immuniological defense mechanics |
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What are some causes of apnea in infants?
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Sepsis, anemia, GERD, and lung disease
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When does apnea periods usually occur in infants?
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sleep or oral feeding
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Rule of Thumb for Apnea in a newborn is?
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it is characterized by short periods of respiratory cessation (10seconds or less) that do not result in adverse physiological changes
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What is FRC?
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lung volume represents a volume that is in reserve
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Low lung volumes seem to be a significant disadvantage. They can lead to what problems in the lungs?
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1. airway closure
2. atelectasis 3. v/q mismatch 4. shunting 5 resultant hypoxemia |
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What does autopeeping in infants called when narrowing of the glottis or larynx helps maintain lung volumes?
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laryngeal braking
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Ossification of the ribs and sternum continues to what age ?
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25 years
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What does the term mean SPECIFIC Compliance?
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compliance expressed per unit of lung volume (FRC)
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How is Airway Resistance defined?
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as the pressure gradient required to produce flow through an airway
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Upper airway resistance accounts for at least____________% of total resistance through the respiratory system
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50%
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The rate at whch the lungs and airways empty is termed what?
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Time constant (flow/volume or 1/time) of the lung
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Why does infants time constant increase?
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b/c of their airways rapid emptying
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The 1st rib and the upper sternum form this opening?
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thoracic inlet or Operculum
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The 1st rib and the upper sternum form this opening?
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thoracic inlet or Operculum
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Where the manubrium and body of the sternum meed the anterior chest wall shows a slight depression that forms an obliqu angle called what?
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angle of Louis
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At this juncture (angle of louis) what structures lie underneath this area of the breast plate?
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trachea divides into the right and left mainstem bronchi
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What muscels contribute to the primary means of ventilation?
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diaphragm and intercostal muscles
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The diaghram is a fibers converge into a broad connective sheet called?
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central tendon
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The diaphragm accoutns for approximately what percentage of the change in thoracic volume during quiet inspiration?
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75%
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What system provides both motor and senor pathways to the lung?
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ANS
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How many phrenic nerve sites are innervated in the diaphragm?
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two (paired)
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The phrenic nerves originate as branches of what spinal nerves?
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C3-C5 in the cervical plexus
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How does the phrenic nerve travel thorugh the body?
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Enter the chest in front of the subclavin arteries, lateral to the carotid arteries. Runs down each side of the mediastinum in front of the hilar structures.
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The intercostal nerves leave what site of the vertebral column.
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T2-T11
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