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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the main role of the kidneys?
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-Formation of urine through FILTRATION, EXCRETION, and SELECTIVE REABSORPTION.
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What are the structures of the renal system?
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1. Kidneys
2. Ureters 3. Urinary bladder 4. Urethra |
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What are the structures of the kidneys?
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-Renal cortex
-Renal medulla -Renal pelvis |
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What is the function of the nephron?
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-Urine formation.
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Where is the nephron located?
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-In medulla and cortex of the kidney
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What are the structures of the nephron called?
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1. Bowman's Capsule
2. Glomerulus 3. Proximal and Distal convoluted tubules 4. loop of Henle 5. Collecting duct |
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What are the functions of the nephron?
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-Balance sodium and potassium ions
-Removal of drugs -Blood pressure regulation |
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What are symptoms of a urinary tract infection?
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-Fever
-Back pain -Frequent urination |
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What are symptoms of a stone in the urinary tract?
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-Blood in the urine
-Pain -Frequent urination -Hesitation |
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What are diagnostics for urinary symptoms?
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-Palpation of kidney and bladder
-Urine analysis -Ultrasound -CT (computed tomography) -MRI -Kidney biopsy |
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What is a CT scan?
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-A 3D image rendered by taking a series of 2D Xrays around an axis of rotation.
-Labor intensive -Can give false positives and place burdens on the system |
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What is an MRI?
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-Magnetic Resonance Imaging
-Uses powerful magnetic field to render images with greater contrast between different soft tissue. -More powerful than CT scan. |
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What is an ultrasound?
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-Diagnostic tool using cyclic sound pressure.
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What is renal/kidney failure?
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-Abnormal kidney function in which the kidneys fail to adequately excrete toxic substances.
-Can be either acute or chronic. |
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What are the symptoms of renal/kidney failure?
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-Thirst
-Fatigue -Bad breath -Edema |
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What are the causes of renal/kidney disease?
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-Nephritis
-Diabetes -Hypertension |
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What are the treatments for renal/kidney failure?
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-Peritoneal dialysis (fluids pumped into peritoneal space)
-Haemodialysis (blood pumped through artificial filter) -Transplantation -Low-protein diet |
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What causes a urinary tract infection?
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-Bacteria that causes infection in otherwise sterile urine.
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What are the symptoms of a urinary tract infection?
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-Discharge from urethra
-Frequent urination -Urgent urination -Pain -Cloudy urine -Chills -Fever -Backpain |
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What is the treatment for a urinary tract infection?
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-Antibiotics
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What is a kidney stone?
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-A solid concretion formed in the kidneys that causes blockage in the urethra.
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What are the symptoms of a kidney stone?
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-Intermittent pain ("renal colic"
-Nausea -Vomiting -Blood in urine |
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How are kidney stones diagnosed?
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-Intravenous Urography
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What is intravenous urography?
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-Radiological procedure used to visualize abnormalities of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.
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How are kidney stones treated?
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-NSAIDs
-Extracorporal shock wave lithotripsy -Surgery |
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How to prevent the formation of kidney stones?
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-Drugs that interfere with their formation
-Avoid foods rich in oxalate (rhubarb, spinach) |
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What is hydronephrosis?
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-Distention/dilation of the kidneys caused by backward pressure from obstructed flow.
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What are the causes of hydronephrosis?
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-Structural abnormalities
-Stones -Tumor -Pregnancy |
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What are the symptoms (diagnosis) of hydronephrosis?
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-Dull aching pain
-Palaptable mass -UTI |
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What is the treatment for hydronephrosis?
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-Surgery
-Treat underlying cause |
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What is urinary incontinence?
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-Uncontrollable loss of urine.
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Who does urinary incontinence mostly affect?
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-The elderly
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What are the complications of urinary incontinence?
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-Pressure sores
-Urinary tract infections -Depression |
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What are the treatments for urinary incontinence?
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-Discontinue certain phamaceuticals
-Estrogen therapy -Pelvic muscle exercises |
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What is urinary tract cancer?
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-Cancer of the kidney or lower urinary tract.
-2% of all cancers |
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What are some causes of urinary tract cancer?
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-Smoking
-Chemicals |
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How is urinary tract cancer diagnosed?
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-Cystoscopy
-CT scan -MRI -Ultrasound |
