The Reformation

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Protestant Reformation

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A movement started by Martin Luther that questioned the Catholic Church and eventually resulted in creation of various Protestant forms of Christianity.

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Protestant

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One who protests against the Catholic Church

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Indulgences

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Bills that could be purchased from the Catholic Church for the forgiveness of sins.

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Martin Luther

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A clergy member who started the Reformation by posting his 95 Theses. He also believed in salvation by faith alone, and that the Bible was the ultimate source of authority.

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Salvation by Faith Alone

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One of Martin Luther's ideas that stated that the Church and kind acts were not needed to gain salvation, you only had to believe in God.

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95 Thesis

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Written by Martin Luther and posted on the door of the church at Wittenberg. Listed Luther's complaints with the Catholic Church

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John Calvin

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A Reformation figure who believed in predestination and created a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland.

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Predestination

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Calvin's idea that God knows who will be saved and who will go to Hell before they are even born. A saved person can be recognized by a strong work ethic.

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Henry VIII

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King of England who broke away from the Catholic Church and divorced his wife when she could not provide him a male heir to the throne

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Queen Elizabeth I

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Daughter of Henry VIII who created the Anglican Church and defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588

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Anglican Church

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The official church in England after being created by Henry VIII and Elizabeth I

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Edict of Nantes

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Declared religious freedom for the Huguenots by the Catholic monarch of France. Was later revoked

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Secularism

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A philosophy that focuses on worldly matters, rather than religion

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Henry VIII of England

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The second Tudor monarch, succeeding his father, Henry VII. Best known for his six marriages, in particular his efforts to have his first marriage, to Catherine of Aragon, annulled.

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Calvanism

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The Protestant theological system of John Calvin and his successors, which develops Luther's doctrine of justification by faith alone and emphasizes the grace of God and the doctrine of predestination

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Peasants revolt

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The Peasants' Revolt, also called Wat Tyler's Rebellion or the Great Rising, was a major uprising across large parts of England in 1381

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Peace of Augsburg

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1555, temporary settlement within the Holy Roman Empire of the religious conflict arising from the Reformation. Each prince was to determine whether Lutheranism or Roman Catholicism was to prevail in his land

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Lutheranism

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The key doctrine, or material principle, of Lutheranismis the doctrine of justification. Lutherans believe that humans are saved from their sins by God's grace alone, through faith alone, on the basis of Scripture alone

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Seminary

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A college that prepares students to be priests, ministers, or rabbis.

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Absenteeism

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The practice of regularly staying away from work or school without good reason

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Anabaptists

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A Protestant sectarian of a radical movement arising in the 16th century and advocating the baptism and church membership of adult believers only, nonresistance, and the separation of church and state.

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Papal Authority

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As head of the Roman Catholic Church, the pope is the supreme spiritual leader of the church and controls the church doctrine. With more than a billion followers, the pope's decisions affect societies and governments all over the world

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Puritan Churches

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The Puritans were English Reformed Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to "purify" the Church of England from its "Catholic" practices, maintaining that the Church of England was only partially reformed. Puritanism played a significant role in English history, especially during The Protectorate

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Printing Press

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A machine for printing text or pictures from type or plates

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Humanism

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A Renaissance cultural movement that turned away from medieval scholasticism and revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman thought

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Pope Leo X

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Pope Leo X, born Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, was Pope from 9 March 1513 to his death in 1521. The second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent, ruler of the Florentine Republic, he was elevated to the cardinalate in 1489

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Religion

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The belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods.

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Government

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The governing body of a nation, state, or community.

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Capitalism

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An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state

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Vernacular

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The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.