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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are the three meninges of the brain?
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Dura Mater, Arachnoid space (subarachnoid space), and the pia mater
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DM, AS, PM
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What is the dura mater?
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the tough outer membrame of the brain (meninge)
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what layer meninge is it?
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What is the arachnoid membrame?
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It is the weblike meninge between the dura mater and the subarachnoid space.
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spiders...
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What is the pia mater?
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meninge that adheres to the CNS surface
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Think it protects (pious mother)
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What is the cerebral aqueduct?
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tube that connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle
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it connects two ventricles...
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What happens when the cerebral aqueduct gets blocked?
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If blocked by a tumor etc., the CSF gets blocked and the brain begins to expand. (called hydrocephalus)
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hydrocephalus
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How is hydrocephalus treated?
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draining the excess fluid off of the brain and trying to remove the obstruction.
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no
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What are multipolar neurons?
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more than two processes
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# of processes
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What are unipolar neurons?
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have one process extending from cell body.
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# of processes
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What are bipolar neurons?
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they have how processes extending from the body.
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# of processes
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What are multipolar intraneurons? What is their job?
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No specific axon.
Their job is to integrate neural activity within a single brain structure; not communicate different structures with eachother. |
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What is the soma and what does it do in the neuron?
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(also called a cell body.) it is the metabolic center of the neuron.
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picture... food
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What are the dendrites and what do they do in the neuron?
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they are the short processes emanating from the cell body.
They receive most of synaptic contacts from other neurons |
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What is the axon hillock and what does it do in the neuron?
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cone-shaped region at junction between the axon and the cell body. it is where the AP's are summed at.
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What is the axon in the neuron?
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it is the long narrow process that projects from the cell body.
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What is the purpose of the myelin in the neuron?
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it is the fatty substance around many axons that insulates to speed up transmission
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What are the nodes of ranvier?
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they are the gaps between the sectionsof myelin on the axon.
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what are the synaptic buttons on the neuron? What do they do?
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They are the endings of axon branches. They release chemicals into the synapse.
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What are the four types of glial cells?
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olgliodendrocytes
schwann cells microglia astrocytes |
old
swan sang via microphone with an astronaut |
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what do oligodendrocytes do?
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They form myelin sheaths thereby increasing the speed and efficiency of axonal conduction.
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What are oligodendrocytes?
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they are the glial cells that wrap around axons of some neurons in the CNS.
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What are schwann cells?
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the glial cells in the PNS. One schwann cell = one myelin segment.
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What can schwann cells do?
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they can guide axonal regeneration after damage in PNS
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What do microglia do?
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trigger inflammatory responses and engulf cellular debris in response to injury or disease.
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microorganisms...
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What do astrocytes do?
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play role in passage of chemicals from blood into CNS neurons
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stars take the chemicals from blood to the brain
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What are the largest glial cells?
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astrocytes
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What are tracts?
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bundles of axons in the CNS
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What are nerves?
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bundles of axons in the PNS
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What does anterior mean?
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towards the nose end (rostral)
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What does posterior mean?
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towards the tail end (caudal)
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What does dorsal mean?
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toward the surface of the back or top of the head
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think human that is on all fours with their head pointing forward like a dog.
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What does ventral mean?
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towards the surface of the chest or the bottom of the head.
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think human that is on all fours with their head pointing forward like a dog.
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What does medial mean?
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towards the midline of the body
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think human that is on all fours with their head pointing forward like a dog.
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What does lateral mean?
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away from the midline of the body
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think human that is on all fours with their head pointing forward like a dog.
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What does superior mean?
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top
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What does superior mean?
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top
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inferior:
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bottom
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proximal:
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closer
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distal:
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further away from
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Where does the horizontal plane divide?
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divides through nose and through ears. think taking your forhead off.
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Where does the frontal plane divide?
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Divides where if you slice it, your forhead would fall forward and your back of your head would fall back.
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What is another name for the frontal plane?
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cronal
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Where does the sagittal plane divide?
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divides down the corpus callosum
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What is included in the telencephalon?
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cerebral cortex
limbic system basal ganglia |
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What is included in the diencephalon?
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Thalamus
Hypothalamus |
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What does the thalamus do?
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sensory relay nuclei
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What does the hypothalamus do?
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plays role in the regulation of motivated behaivors. controls hormone release by the pituitary.
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What is included in the mesencephalon?
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tectum and tegmentum
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What does the tectum do?
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inferior colliculi: auditory
superior colliculi: vision |
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what is included in the MYELENcephalon/(medulla)?
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composed largly of tracts
origin of the reticular formation (species specific movements) |
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What is included in the metencephalon?
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many tracts
pons cerebellum |
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what does the cerebellum play a role in?
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coordination
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What is the caudal part of the forebrain?
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the precentral gyrus (motor cortex)
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What is the role of the substantia nigra?
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sensorimiotor system
degenerates in parkinson's disease |
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What is the role of the red nucleus?
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it is a component of the sensorimotor system and is located in the tegmentum
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What is the role of the lateral geniculate nuclei?
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recieves info from retinas
-> sends info to primary visual cortex |
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What is the role of the medial geniculate nuclei?
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recieves info from inferior colliculi -> projects to primary auditory cortex
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What is the corpus callosum?
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The largest cerebral commissure. It connects the left and right brain hemispheres.
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What is the general function of the frontal lob? (think the motor cortex is here)
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reasoning, planning, parts of speech and movement, emotions, and problem solving.
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What is the general funciton of the parietal cortex? (think: the somotosensory cortex is here)
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perception of stimuli related to touch, pressure, temp, and pain.
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What is the general function of the occipital lobe?
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aspects of vision
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What is the general funciton of the temporal lobe?
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concerned with perception and recognition of audiory stimuli (hearing) and memory (b/c the hippocampus is there)
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What does the shape of the hippocampus have to do with memory?
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it completes the limbic circuit. It is involved in making new memories.
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What is blood loss in hippocampus associated with?
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Alzheimer's disease and other memory loss mental illnesses
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What is included in the limbic system? (all hippos fornicate with single sex mammals :-)
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Amygdala, hippocampus, fornix, cinculate cortex, septum, and mammilliary bodies.
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What is limbic system involved in?
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The four f's of behavior
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What is the basal ganglia involved with?
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voluntary movement
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What is included in the basal ganglia?
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Amygdala, <caudate putamen> striatum, and globus pallidus
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Basla ganglia dies: What disease associated with this?
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Parkinson's disease
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What is L-Dopa used for?
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It is the chemical precursor of dopamine and it penetrates the BBB then is converted to dopamine once inside the brain.
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When is L-Dopa given to a patient? (What does it treat)
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for a person with parkinson's disease (their substantia nigra deteriorates). it doesn't stop tremors; it lessens them.
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How do sodium potassium pumps work?
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they continually exchange three sodium ions inside neuron for two potassium ions outside of the neuron to maintain resting potiential between action potientials
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What happens during the rising phase of an action potiential?
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at beginning, the sodium channels open, in middle potassium channels open...depolarization...at end the sodium channels close.
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What is an IPSP?
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Inhibitory post synaptic potiential (PS hyperpolarization)
-has graded response -has decremental transmission |
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What is an EPSP?
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post synaptic depolarization
-has graded response -has decremental transmission |
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What kind of response does an action potiential have?
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-"All or nothing" Response
-NOT decremental (they are same as they travel down the axon) |
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What is a ligand?
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a molecule that binds to another molecule. neurotransmitters are ligands of their receptors.
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How does deactivation occur at a synapse?
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reuptake or degration
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What is reuptake?
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it is where the NT goes back up into the presynaptic buttons almost immediatley after they are released at presynaptic membrame. THIS ONE IS MORE POPULAR!!
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What is degration?
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Where the NT is broken apart by an enzyme after it is released from presynaptic membrame (example: Ach and AchEsterase)
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What are small molecule transmitters?
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they are transmitters that are released directly at synapse or metabolic receptor
(example: Ach) They produce fast rapid signals. |
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What are large molecule transmitters?
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peptides. They move slower and produce longer lasting signals.
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What is coexistence?
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a neuron that contains two NT's: one small and one large
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What are endorphins?
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neuropeptide endogenous opiates
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What do endorphins do?
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they activate pain suppression and increase a please response.
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What are benzodiazepines?
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anxiety reducting, sedative, and anticonvulcent medications. (GABA agonist/ remember that GABA inhibits)
They hyperpolarize the neuron |
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What is a CT?
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combines 2D images to create a 3D image
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What is a PET?
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Positron Emission Togography
They inject radioactive 2-DG and then examine your brain. |
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What is a MRI?
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Produces high resolution images/ nothing injected
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What is a fMRI?
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visualizes oxygen flow in the brain. Nothing is injected.
Can make 3D images of the entire brain Better spatial resolution of the brain than PET |
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what are contrast x-rays?
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inject something that absorbs x-rays less or more than surrounding tissue. example: cerebral angiography
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What is an EMG?
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electromyography
measures muscle tension. |
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What is an EEG?
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Electroencephalography
measures brain waves |
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What is an EOG?
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Electroopticgraphy?
measures eye movement? |
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What is a stereotaxic instrument?
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holds head steady and guides the deice to be inserted into the head
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What is an aspiration lesion?
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removes piece of cortex by suction
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What is a radiofrequency lesion?
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heat destroys the lesion in the brain?
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What does kainic acid do?
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it destroys the cell bodies
(chem. lesion) |
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What does 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) do?
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it destroys noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurons.
(chem. lesion) |
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What is the RIAT?
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Reynolds ____ Attention test
(story and repeat it back) |
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What does an open-field test measure?
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assessment of species specific general activities
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What does the morris water maze measure?
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tests spatial abilities. the rat must find hidden platform in an opaque pool.
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What does the elevated plus maze measure?
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measures rat's anxiety (think a cross looking maze up in the air)
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What does the radial arm maze measure?
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tests spatial abilities (think of a sunshine shaped maze)
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