The Psychoanalytic Approach

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Hysteria

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Emotional response to traumatic event

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Conscious

Back 2

Thinking about "now"

Front 3

Pre-Conscious

Back 3

Can easily become aware of

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Unconscious

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No easy access

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Id

Back 5

Source of all psychic energy

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Pleasure principle

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Needs should be satisfied IMMEDIATELY

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Ego

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Operates via the reality principle. Mediates between id and real world.

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Superego

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Knowledge of rules governing society. Three primary goals: deny most id urges, always be moral, always be perfect.

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Reality Principle

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Governing principle of the actions taken by the Ego

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Freudianslip

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"Slip of the tongue" When the ego fails at protecting id impulses from getting out.

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Parapraxis

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Saying something you did not intend to say, but felt.

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Free Association

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Speed of responses aids in detecting unconscious feelings.

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Transference

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Bring another relationship into the therapist context.

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Two levels of dreams:

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Manifest content & Latent content

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Manifest content

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The actual events of the dream

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Latent content

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Unconscious thoughts, feelings, and wishes behind the manifest content

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Symbolization (dreams)

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When id impulse is still too uncomfortable

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Condensation (dreams)

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Taking several thoughts and combining them into one. Influenced by sensory stimulation and current concerns.

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Cathexis

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Investment of psychic energy

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Freud believed the mind functions to achieve a state of

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Quiescence (calmness)

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Ego is a "slave to three masters"

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Id, Superego, Reality

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Ego strength

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Ability to function effectively, despite the conflict between "the three masters"

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Too little ego strength:

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Torn among conflicting pressure, unable to cope.

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Just enough ego strength:

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Manage pressures without problems

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Too much ego strength:

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Rigid, rational and efficient, boring, cold, distant

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Life or sexual drive

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Eros

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Eros

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Concerned with survival, reproduction, and pleasure. Ex.) Hunger, pain avoidance, sex

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Energy resulting from eros

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Libido

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Death drive

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Thanatos

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Thanatos

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Goal of life is quiescence (tension reduction). Ex.) Aggression: redirected harm toward self onto others.

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Energy resulting from Thanatos

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Destrudo

Front 32

Anxiety

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Warning signal to ego

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Reality anxiety

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Fear of something real in the world

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Neurotic anxiety

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Fear of punishment resulting from id impulse getting out of control

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Moral anxiety

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Fear of violating moral/ethical codes arising from the superego

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Defense mechanisms

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All distory, transform, or falsify reality in some way. (tactics developed by ego to deal with anxiety)

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Repression

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An unconscious act of forcing something out of consciousness (motivated forgetting).

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Supression

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Conscious repression

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Denial

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A refusal to acknowledge the importance of an event. Information is anxiety-provoking. Effective at preventing anxiety, but requires constant psychic energy.

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Regression

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Returning to an immature level of functioning. Earlier, safer time of life. Usually where energy is fixated.

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Projection

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Ascription of unacceptable impulses, desires, or qualities to someone else. (What you hate so much about somebody is actually what you don't like about yourself.)

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Reaction Formation

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Overemphasizing the opposite of what one feels. (Hides threatening impulses from the self, provides a barrier of safety.)

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Rationalization

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Finding a justification for a behavior done for unacceptable reasons. (perhaps the most common defense mechanism)

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Fundamental attribution error

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Rationalization after failure maintains self-esteem common response to failure experiences.

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Intellectualization

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Thinking in a cold, analytical, or detached way about things that normally evokes distress. (allows disassociation of thought from feelings) (the intellectual part of an idea can exist in the conscious mind, while the emotional quality of the idea remains unconscious).

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Displacement

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Shifts an impulse from one target to another. (diverting attention from object of anxiety) (new target is less threatening, this anxiety is reduced).

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Sublimation

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Transforms the impulse into a more socially acceptable form. (the expressed impulse is more acceptable thus anxiety is reduced) (more adaptive than other defense mechanisms) (basis for all of civilization)

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Fixation

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Libidinal energy left behind. (makes it difficult to move through later stages)

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Underindulged

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Needs not met, can't move on to next stage

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Overindulged

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Needs met too well, won't move on to next stage. (Regression-retreating to a prior stage under stress)

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Oral Stage

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Through first 12-18 months of life. Infants are completely dependent on caregivers. Mouth is source of tension reduction, pleasurable sensations.

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Oral fixation

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Smoking, drinking, overeating, being dependent

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Oral incorporative phase

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First 6 months. Child dependent, taking things in through mouth. (food and experience)

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Oral sadistic phase

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Starts with teething. Pleasure from biting and chewing. Tied to verbal aggression, sarcasm, humor (Dependence, trust vs mistrust, gullibility). Resisting help, expectation of instant gratification.

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Anal stage

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First through third years. Pleasure due to stimulation from defecation. Related to toilet training. Child learns importance of proper time and place. (lavish praise for success; punishment and shame for failures)

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Anal stage

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Learning self-control, external constraints. (development of the ego) (basis for adult productivity and creativity)

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Anal retentive

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Rigid, obsessive, controlling, orderly

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Anal expulsive

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Lack of self-control (argumentative, aggressive)

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Anal triad

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Stinginess, obstinacy (stubborn), orderliness

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Phallic stage

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Third through fifth/sixth year. Pleasure focused on the genitals. Recognition of sex differences (understanding gender identity) (understanding rules of society, morality; development of the superego)

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Oedipus and Electra complex

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Sexual interest in opposite-sex parent. (Girls: penis envy; incomplete) (Boys: castration anxiety)

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Result from phallic fixation:

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Males: Strive for success in number of conquests or career (may fail in these areas due to unconscious guilt). Females: Flirtatious and seductive (denial of sexuality).

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Latency period

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Fifth/sixth year through early teenage years. Drives decrease (bodily changes; refinements of ego, superego; may extend identification to other adults).

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Latency

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Focus on other areas (academic, social achievements).

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Genital Stage

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Puberty and on (pleasure still sought through genitals, seeking mutual pleasure). Development of maturity; able to love others, not just self (less selfish view of pleasure).

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Possible strengths of Freud Theories

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One of the first to attempt to understand illness with no physical cause. Developed a description of personality, how it is formed. Concept of unconscious.

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Possible issues of Freud Theories

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Theoretical, not empirical (difficult, if not impossible, to test). Karl Popper - Theories must be falsifiable. Relied on case studies (patients, not general population; very small sample size of 12, patients with problems, mostly women). Too much focus on sex, gender biases (homosexuality, single-parent houses).

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Ego psychologist believe:

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Ego functions to adapt to the environment (ultimate goal of behavior; impulse control is not for anxiety avoidance).

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Carl Jung

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Structure of the mind: ego is conscious. Two levels of unconscious: personal & collective.

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Personal unconscious

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Combination of Freud's preconscious and unconscious. Contains thoughts and feelings that you are not currently aware of (serves to balance the ego). Has access to both past and future information (sense of what may happen, based on past events; expectations).

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Collective Unconscious

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Even deeper unconscious than the personal (shared by all people). Include archetypes (innate, universal prototypes).

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Animus/anima

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Male side of humans/female side of humans

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Persona/shadow

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What you want other people to see/what you don't want people to see

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Hero/demon

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Doing good things/doing bad things

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Complexes

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Nodes in the unconscious. Archetypes at the core of complexes (what bothers you? similar to Freud's projection). Strong emotions tied to node (similar to Freud's fixation, cathexis).

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Jung - Functions of the mind

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Sensing, thinking, feeling, and intuiting

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Sensing (Jung)

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Getting information from the senses (Is there something thing? Does something exist).

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Thinking (Jung)

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Evaluating information logically (What is it that there is? Ideas).

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Feeling (Jung)

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Evaluating emotional information (what is it worth to me?)

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Intuiting (Jung)

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Complex integration, perceptual (Where did it come from and where is it going?) (Something beyond what's in the immediate environment). (Intuition)

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Rational vs. Irrational processes

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Rational - Involve evaluation. Irrational - involve sensing (without thought).

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Extraversion (Jung)

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Directs psychic energy outwardly, toward things in the external world.

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Introversion (Jung)

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Directs psychic energy inwardly.

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Myers-Briggs Test

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Inaccurate test that measures personality based on attitudes.

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Alfred Adler

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First clients were carnies. People strive to overcome inferiority.

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Inferiority complex

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Feelings of inferiority so strong that they become overwhelming, preventing striving. (similar to fear of failure; avoidance). Avoid situations that would reveal inferiority.

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Superiority complex

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Exaggerated strivings (Narcissistic), blame others for failures, dominate and put down others (bad at accepting criticism).

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Karen Horney

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Countered Freud's thoughts on women.

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Basic anxiety (Horney)

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From childhood, people fear abandonment, isolation (minimized by being raised in secure home).

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Strategies to combat anxiety (Horney)

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Strike back against abandoners. Win love by being submissive. Develop inflated self-concept.