The Protestant Reformation

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Protestant Reformation

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Northern European calls for church reform that eventually unleashed foces that would shatter Christian unity

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What were people like in Renaissance Italy?

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Poor and life would be violent

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What began in the alte Middle Ages?

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The Church had become increasingly caught up in worldly affairs; popes competed with Italian princes for political power

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What did the Church fight for?

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Expand it's own interests

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Indulgance

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a lessening of the time a sould would have to spend in purgatory

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John Wycliffe

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Lauched a systematic attack against the church, using sermons and writings to call for change

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Martin Luther

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Triggered revolt against Church abuses; german monkk; professor

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What caused Martin Luther to take action?q

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An incident in the town of Wittenberg

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Johann Tetzel

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Setup of a pulpit and offered indulgances to any Christian who contributed for the rebuilding of the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome

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Luther's response to Tetzel

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Tetzel's actions wer the final outrage; meant that poor peasants could not get into heaven

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95 Theses

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Arguments against indulgances

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Result of 95 Theses

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Printed and distributed overnight; stirred furious debate

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Church's response to 95 Theses

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Called on Luther to recant (give up his views); Luther refused

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After Luther says no to recant

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Comes up with an even more radical new doctrine

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Excomunicated Luther

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Pope Leo X

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Summoned Luther to the diet at the city of Worms

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Charles V

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Diet

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Assembly of German princes; comes from a Middle English word, meaning "a day for a meeting"

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What did Charles V order?

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Luther give up his writings

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Charles V's response to Luther not giving up his writings

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Declared Luther an outlaw

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Jan Hus

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Led a reform movement in the Czech Republic for which he was executed

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Who sheltered Luther for many years?

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Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony

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Luther's teachings

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All Christians have equal access to God through faith and the Bible

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What did Luther want?

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Ordinary people to be able to read and study the Bible (had it translated into German); every town to have a school so that all children could learn to read the bible

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By 1530, what was the new name being used for the Lutherans?

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Protestant

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What did Clergy see Luthers reforms as?

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The answer to chruch corruption

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German Princes reactions to Protestants

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Embranced Lutheran beliefs (for selfish reasons)

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In 1524, What erupted across Germany?

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A peasants revolt

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Result of the Peasants revolt

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Tenos of thousands killed and leaving thousands more homeeless

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1530s and 1540s: What did Charles V try to do?

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Force Lutheran princes back into the Catholic Chruch, but with little success

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Peace of Augsburg

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Allowed each prince to decfide which religion- Catholic or Lutheran- would be followed in his lands

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Princes' decisions (Peace of Augsburg)

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Most nothern German states chose Lutheranism- The southern German states remained largely Catholic

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Ulrich Zwingli

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Priest and admirere of Erasmus; stressed importance of the bible

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John Calvin

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Born in France; trained as a priest and lawyer; published a widely read book that set forth his religious beliefs and explained how to organize and run a Protestant Chruch

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Predestination

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The idea that god had long ago determeined who would gain salvation

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2 Types of People according to Calvinists

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Saints and sinners (calvinsists tried to livelike saints)

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In 1541, what did Protestants in Geneva do?

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asked Calvin to lead their community

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Theocracy

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Governement run by chruch leaders

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Calvinist citizen's punishments

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Faced offenses for fighting, laughing in chruch, or dancing

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By late 1500s, 5 places Calvinsim had taken root

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Germany, France, Netherlands, england, Scotland

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Anabaptists

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Argued that infaants are too young to understant what it means to accept the Christian faith

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Were anabaptists peaceful or radical?

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Peaceful

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2 Things anabaptists called for

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Relgious toleration and seperation of chruch and state

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3 groups that trace back to anabaptists

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Mennonites, Baptists, Amish

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Who annuled Henry VIII's marriage?

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Thomas Cranmer (Under Pope Clement Vii

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Act of Supremacy

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Made Henry the only supreme head on Earth of the church of England

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What happpend to Sirt Thomas More?

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Canonized, recognized as a saint by the Catholic Chruch

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What did Henry VIII order close?

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Catholic Convents and monasteries

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Henry's inheritor

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Edward VI (son of Jane Seymour)

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Edward's inheritor

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Half-sister, mary tudor

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Mary's inheritor

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Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth

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Elizabethan settlement

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A series of reforms that were enforced slowly

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Elizabeth made...

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England a firmly protestant nation

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Catholic Reformation

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Led by Pope Paul III and took hold within the Catholic Church

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Council of Trent

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Called by the pope to establish the direction the reform should take; led by cardinal Carlo Borromeo, met off and on for almost 20 years

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4 things declared by Council of Trent

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Salvation comes through fatih and good works; The bible, while a major source of religious truth, is not the only source; took steps to end abuses in the Church; established schools to create a better educated clergy who could challege protestant teachings

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Index of Forbidden Books

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List of works considered too immoral or irreligious for Catholics to read

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Jesuits

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A new religious order recognized by the pope

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Ignatius of Loyola

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Founded the Jesuits; Spanish knight reaised in the crusading tradtiion

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Led by Ignatius, the Jesuits...

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Embarked on a crusade to defend and spread the Catholic faith worldwide

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Accomplishment of Jesuits

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Set up schools that taught humanist and Catholic beliefs and enforced discipline and obedience

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Teresa of Avila

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Born into a wealthy spanish family, entered a convent; established her own order of nuns

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Superiors in Church response to Teresa

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Asked her to reorganize and reform Spanish convents and monasteries

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Most victims of the witch hunts died in... (3 places)

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German states, Switzerland, France

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4 groups that were accused of witch-craft

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Social outcasts, beggars, midwives, herbalists