The Protestant Reformation

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the roman catholic church was ruled by...

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the pope

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changes in the 16th century

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Renaissance humanism, especially in the north,led people to question religious practices, such asthe power of relics or the value of living life as amonk/nun.

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the printing press was used mostly for...

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Bibles

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the black death

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bubonic plague, killed 1/3rd of the population, pushed people to question the church.

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Anticlericalism

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a measure ofdisrespect toward the clergy.

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Pietism

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idea of a directrelationship between the individual and God,reducing the importance of the Church.

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Pope Clement V

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moved the seat of power fromRome to Avignon in France

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Avignon Papacy

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ended with a return to Rome,but it sparked the Western Schism (Great Schism),where 3 popes claimed leadership over theCatholic Church.

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Lower priests

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poorly educated, knew little Latin, were unableto offer a response to serious questions about theChurch.

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simony

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selling Churchpositions to the highest bidder.

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John Wycliffe

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questioned The worldly wealth of the Church, The miracle of transubstantiation, The teachings of penance, The sale of indulgences. translated the bible to english.

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Wycliffe followers

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lollards

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Jan Hus

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led a religiousrevolt against the Church. openly questioned theinfallibility of the Church and the immorality of theclergy. found guilty of heresy and burned at the stake.

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Martin Luther

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Catholicmonk who was troubled by the sale ofindulgences.

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penance

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punishment for sin

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purgatory

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a temporary form of hell

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indulgences

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sold by the church to release someone from penance.

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Albert of Hohenzollern

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offeredthe position as Archbishop of Mainz, at theprice of 10,000 ducats, which he borrowedfrom a bank. To pay off the debt, the papacy allowed him to sellindulgences: ½ the money would pay his debt, ½went directly to Rome.

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Johann Tetzel

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Dominican friar, was set topreach the indulgence across Germany. “As soon as the gold in thebasin rings, right then the soul to heaven springs.”

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95 Theses

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The Theses were mostly attacks on the sale ofindulgences.The list was printed and spread all over Germany.It was ignored by Pope Leo X. on a church door in Wittenbergin 1517.

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luthers 3 important texts.

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Address to the Christian Nobility: arguedthat secular governments could reformthe Church.

On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church: attacked Church teachings, including sacraments.

Liberty of a Christian Man: he developed thebasic ideas of a new Church:Grace is the sole gift of God.One is saved by faith alone.The Bible is the only source of that faith.

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Pope Leo X

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issued a papalbull (an official decree) demanding Luther torecant or be burned as a heretic. Luther publicly burned the bull.The pope excommunicated Luther.

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luthers powerful patrons

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Some Northern German princes, most famouslyFrederick the Elector of Saxony, wanted him tohave a public hearing.

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Diet ofWorms

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meeting of the German nobility. Charles V, askedhim to recant: Luther refused. He was banned in the Empire but was safelyhidden in Wartburg Castle by the Elector ofSaxony.

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luthers new church

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reduced the Catholic’s seven sacraments totwo: communion and baptism.He rejected transubstantiation.He ended monasticism and did away with the ideaof celibacy for clergy.

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Protestantism

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spread through much ofnorthern Germany, Scandinavia, England,Scotland, the Netherlands, France, andSwitzerland.

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German Peasant’s Revolt

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Peasants revolted because of worsening economicconditions and because they believed Luther hadcalled for social equality.

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German Peasant’s Revolt misinterpretation

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luther wrote “Against the Robbingand Murderous Hordes of Peasants.” He urged them to be shown no mercy.

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luthers successes

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willing to subordinate his church to theauthority of German princes. didn’t worry about political questions, anddidn’t criticize the princes. encouraged them to confiscate CatholicChurch land.1/4 of the Holy Roman Empire was under Churchcontrol.

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Peaceof Augsburg.

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granted legal recognition of Lutheranism interritories ruled by a Lutheran prince.