The Prokaryotes

Front 1

What is the basis for a natural scheme of classifying prokaryotes?

Back 1

Natural clasification schemes show the true relationships among all organisms.
BASED ON 16S RIBOSOMAL RNA

Front 2

How does the genealogical tree of prokaryotes show which organisms are most closely related?

Back 2

The position of species on the tree reflects DIFFERENCES IN THE SEQUENCES OF THEIR rRNA. When now-exsisting species shared a common ancestor.

Front 3

What kind of classification scheme does Bergey's Manual use?
Why?

Back 3

It divides Archea into 2 phyla and Bacteria into 23
Because they may share the same prokaryotic cell structure but they are not related.

Front 4

What kind of informaiton do you find in Bergey's Manual?

Back 4

1.Scheme of classification
2. Authoritative listing of recognized prokaryotic species.

Front 5

What are the major divisions of Bergey's Manual?

Back 5

Archea into 2 phyla
Bacteria into 23 phyla

Front 6

What are the major divisions of Archea?

Back 6

Crenarchaeota
Euyarchaeota

Front 7

What are the properties of Archea?

Back 7

Share property of being

1.extremely THERMOPHILLIC(loving)
2. Most metabolize SULFUR

Front 8

B10 Cynobacteria: Why were they once called blue-green algae?
How do they obtain energy?
How do they protect their nitogen fixing system?

Back 8

1.b/c they are about the same size/shape/and produce oxygen the way algae do.
2.Obtain energy by fixing atmospheric nitrogen(N2)/carbon as (CO2)
3.Fix nitrogen in heterocysts.
Do photosynthesis by all the other cells.

Front 9

B4 Deinococcus-Thermus
What notable bacteria belong to this group?

Back 9

Thermus aquaticus
Can grow at the boing point of water.
Produces Taq polymerase(valuable enzyme) used in polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Heat resistant enough to survive multiple heat treatments to melt DNA

Front 10

B11-Chlorobi
How do these bacteria obtain energy?
Why are they found in deep, clear bodies of water?

Back 10

Anaerobic(can't be near oxygen)
Energy by photosynthesis
Must have light
Live in deep water for these reasons or live on top of pond where other species use up all the oxygen

Front 11

Alphaproteobacteria:
Describe process by which Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes crown gall disease in plants.

Back 11

1.It enters the plant through a wound a the crown(where root/stem meet)
2. Then its Ti(tumor producing)plamid become part of the plant cell's chromosome
3. These genes transform the plant into a tumor cell.
4. Cell multiplies making a tumorlike growth(gall)
5. Bacteria cause the plant to produce opines(unusual aa) which A tumefaciens use as nutrients

Front 12

How is acetic acid used industrially?
Produced by Acetobacter(aerobes) need O2.

Back 12

Produce acetic acid which is the main component of vinegar.
Also can convert alcohol to acetic acid which sours beer and wine.
Keep out air/can't grow

Front 13

What is the significance of the sybiotic relationship Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium have w/ legumes?
Symbiotic relationship

Back 13

1.They enter roots of legumes(beans, peas, alfalfa) 2.produce tumorlike nodules where nitogen is fixed(reduce atmospheric nitrogen gas to ammonia).
3. Plant provides nutrients
4. Bacterium supplies plant with usable nitrogen

Front 14

Betaprobacteria:
e.g. disease caused by a member of this group

Back 14

Bordetella pertussis= whooping cough
Neisseriea gonorrhoeae= Gonorrhea

Front 15

Gammaproteo bacteria:
Name some human diseases cause by group members

Back 15

S. thyphi=Thphoid fever
Shigella ssp= Shigellosis
Y. pestis= Bubonic plague
E. coli

Front 16

Deltaproteobacteria:
How do they get their energy by metabolizing sulfate?
Why is this environmentally important?
Where are these bacteria found?

Back 16

Anaerobes(no O2)Through anaerobic respiration reduce sulfate/elemental sulfur to hydrogen sulfide gas, H2S.
They corrode iron pipes in damp soil.
Found in mud flats, bays, Black Sea

Front 17

Epsilonproteobacteria: What diseases do these bacteria cause?

Back 17

C. jejuni= diarrhea
H. pylori= gastric ulcers

Front 18

B13 Firmicutes: Bdellovibrio preys on other bacteria.
What does it mean that B. bacteriovorus is host specific?

Back 18

1. It bores a hole through bacteria through the outer membrane.
2. Once in the host's periplasm it grows.3. It uses the host cytoplasm for nutrients
4. Cell divides and lyses the host cell.
5. Releases 3or4 Bdellovibrio cells.
6. Which eat large #'s of bacteria

Front 19

What characteristic unites the mollicutes?
What does obligate fermenters mean?
How do you account for their being called mycoplamas?

Back 19

Mollicutes and mycoplasmas are synonyms.
1. They lack a cell wall
2. All are parasites
3. Most ferment in the presence of O2( obligate fermenters)
4. Colonies look like fried eggs.
5. Have sterol in cytoplasmic membrane.
6. Maintain osmotic pressure same as external environment

Front 20

Tell how cells in these genera are arranged:
Some members are called lactic acid bacteria what does that mean?

Back 20

Sarcina= Cubical packets
Streptococcus= Long chains
Staphylococcus= Grape like clusters
Staphylococcus ssp. They ferment sugars producing lactic acid as an end product

Front 21

What are endospores?
Why is survival of Bacillus and Clostridium used as an index of sterlization?

Back 21

The most heat resistant biological structure.
Bacillus/Clostridium are endospores.
Heat sterilization procedures are designed to eliminate endospores.

Front 22

1.B14 Actinobacteria: What are some of the irregular shapes.
2.Describe snapping post-fission movement.
Fifidobacterium part of this group. Why is this important?

Back 22

1.Some change shape during growth. V shaped
2. It is a movement- When cross wall forms btwn 2 daughter cells they snap apart, forming V shaped pair of cells.
Fifidobacterium-Swollen, branched cells- grows in intestinal tract of breastfed babies- they ferment lactose to lactic/acetic acids keeps away diarrhea- causing pathogens.

Front 23

Acid-fasst bacteria:
What is unusual about the wall structure?

Back 23

Peptidoglycan wall attached to polysaccharide layer attached to mycolic acids(fatty acids with hydroxly -OH groups.)
Makes a waxy outer surface protects against hostile environment. Cannot stain to Id- Grow slowly- 2-6 weeks for M. tuberculosis.

Front 24

B16 Chlamydiae:
1.Why were they once thought to be viruses?
2. What does obligate intracellular parasites mean?

Back 24

1. Because they are so small
2. They CANT be grown outside a living host cell.
3. Rickettsial carried from on human host to another by arthropods(ticks, lice, mites)
Chlamydia spread dirctly from on infected human to another.

Front 25

3. Describe chlamydial reproduction.

Back 25

1. Elementary body enters host cell.
2. Elementary bodies change into reticulate bodies
3. Reticulated bodies multiply.
4. Ret. bodies change back into elementary bodies.
5. Host cell lyses, releasing elementary bodies

Front 26

How do spirochetes move?
What is their shape?

Back 26

Corkscrew-shaped cells that move by turning of flagella that is inside of their periplasm.
Corkscrew

Front 27

Bacteroidetes:
What are the properties of purple nonsulfur bacteria?
What importance do they have to do with human health?

Back 27

Nonoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria that use organic compounds as a source of electrons.
Most abundent in the mouth and intestinal tract.

Front 28

E. coli

Back 28

1. Carries out a mixed-acid formation(produces CO2 and H2.
2. Can ferment lactose(milk/sugar)
3. Converts aa tryptophan to indole(gives feces its color).
4. It CANT use citric acid as a carbon source.

Front 29

Methanogens

methane will form where their is organic material.
Bottom of body of water.
Bubbles rising from pond.
Cows produce methane w/belch or in their rumen(poop)

Back 29

1. Called methane formers.
2. Make natural gas from hydrogen gas and either Co2 or acetate. (occurs only in anaerobic enviroments where acetate are produced by other species of bacteria.

Front 30

Extreme Halophiles

Back 30

Cant grow with LESS than 10 % Sodium chloride(NaCl).
Grow best at 20%.
By respiration make ATP/but also primative photosynthesis.

Front 31

Thermoacidophiles

Contents of the human stomach
Found in geo thermal springs that have sulfuric acid.

Back 31

Heat and acid lovers
Thrive in hostile environments
Grow near boiling point and pH values as acid