Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
anterior
|
head end
|
|
posterior
|
tail end
|
|
ventral
|
front side
|
|
dorsal
|
back side
|
|
genital papilla
|
only found in females
covers genital opening directs flow of urine REPRODUCTIVE |
|
scrotal sac/scrotum
|
contain testes from birth to adulthood
males only REPRODUCTIVE |
|
urogenital opening female
|
urination
opening to reproductive tract another hole for bowel movements EXECRETORY/REPRODUCTIVE |
|
urogenital opening male
|
urinate
where penis protrudes when erect EXECRETORY |
|
caecum
|
small blind-ended sac found at the juncture of ilium and large intestine
houses bacterial symboints that help break down celulose DIGESTIVE |
|
gall bladder
|
stores bile
DIGESTIVE |
|
greater omentum
|
primary mecentary
folded membrane that acts as storage membrane for fat DIGESTIVE |
|
kidney
|
- extracts foreign substances and wastes from bloodstream
- helps with body fluid regulationa and excretion of nitrogenous wastes like urea - three regoins: cortex, medulla, pelvis - hormones secreted: renin -> regulates blood pressure; erythroportein -> stiumulates red blood cells production; vitamin D -> controls calcium and phosphorus metabolism EXCRETORY |
|
pelvis ( kidney )
|
funnel-shaped chamber in kidney that is expanded by ureter
|
|
medulla
|
-part of kidney
-medullary tissue - characterized by high solute concentration, so when "pre-urine" flows down loops of Henle, water flows out of loop -> medullary tissue |
|
cortex
|
-outermost portion of kidney
|
|
large intestine
|
-reclaimation of water at end of digestive cycle
-synthesizes body proteins & vitamins [k] -conversion of various amino acids -deanimnation of amino acids -movement of bowel DIGESTIVE |
|
liver
|
-synthesizes bile, plasma protein, lipids, cholesterol
-stores vitamins, irons, glycogen -converts glucose -> glycogen, glucose ->fat, glycogen -> glucose, lactic acid -> glycogen, excess amino acids -> carbs & fats, anmonia ( toxic nitrogenous wastes ) -> urea ( less toxic form ) - recycles hemoglobin components - excretes bile pigments - destroys damaged red blood cells - maintain normal concentration of blood glucose - metabolic activies - proten metabolism - detoxifies chemicals, pollutants, poisons DIGESTIVE |
|
mesentary
|
- prevents small intestine from knotting/tangling
- holds together small intestine |
|
pancreas
|
- secretes digestive enzymes & other substances into small intestine via pancreatic duct
- endocrine & exocrine organ - endocrine function: to secrete hormones - exocrine: digestive blood DIGESTIVE |
|
peritoneum
|
- lines abdominal cavity
DIGESTIVE |
|
small intestine
|
- three sections: duodenum, ileum , jejunum
- digestion of food & absorption of nutrients DIGESTIVE |
|
duodenum
|
- bile & enzymes from gall bladder and pancreas enter here to small intestine
- joins jejunum to stomach |
|
ileum
|
- absorb products of digestion
- end of small intestine |
|
jejunum
|
- moves bowel
- contains muscles to move food - center of small intestine |
|
spleen
|
- filters out & destroys dead blood cells
- stores & releases red blood cells into bloodstream - recycles cells in development of white blood cells LYMPHATIC |
|
stomach
|
- breaks down food
- absorbs water - temporarily stoes food & releases it slowly into the duodenum - important site of enzyme production DIGESTIVE |
|
umbilical artery
|
- aorta sends great deal of exygenated blood straight back to placenta through here
( blood from fetus -> placenta ) REPRODUCTIVE |
|
umbilical cord
|
connects fetus to placenta of mother; later become navel
|
|
umbilical vein
|
- single large vein
- carries oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus |
|
urinary bladder
|
- urine is temporarily stored
EXCRETORY |
|
atrium
|
- structure of heart
- right: receives de-oxygenated blood from superior vena cava & inferior vena cava - left: receives oxygenated blood from left & right pulmonary veins CIRCULATORY |
|
cardiac valve
|
- controls movement of food from mouth to stomach
DIGESTIVE |
|
diaphragm
|
- shelf of muscle extending above ribcage
- separtaes thoracic cavity from digestive cavity - controlled by phrenic nerve - critically important in respirtation -> in order to draw air into lungs, diaphragm contracts, enlarging thoracic cavity & reducing pressure in thoracic cavity - helps to expel vomit, feces, urine from body by increasing pressure in digestive cavity |
|
larynx
|
- organ in neck of mammals involved in protection of trachea & sound producion
- houses vocal cords, locate just below tract where pharynx splits into trachea and esophagus - sound generated in larynx - during swallowing, larynx closes to prevent swallowed material from entering lungs RESPIRATORY |
|
lung
|
- transport oxygen from atmosphere into bloodstream
- excrete carbon dioxide from blood to atmosphere - regulation of hydrogen-ion concentration - nonrespiratory functions ^ influence concentration of biologically active substances and drugs used in medicine in arterial blood ^ filter out small blodd clots formed in veins ^ serve as physical layer of soft, shock-absorvent protection for heart, which lungs flank and nearly enclose RESPIRATORY |
|
penis
|
- male reproductive organ
- urintation EXCRETORY/REPRODUCTIVE |
|
pericardium
|
- double-walled sac that contains heart & root of great vessels
- fibrous: most superficial; protects heart, anchors it to surrounding walls, prevents it from overfilling with blood - serous: deep to fibrous pericardium; two layers to lubricate heart to prevent friction from occuring during heart activity CIRCULATORY |
|
rugae
|
- in stomach, internal surface -> allow stomach expansion after injestion of food
DIGESTIVE |
|
testes
|
- produce sperm and male sex hormones
REPRODUCTIVE |
|
thoracic cavity
|
- chamber of body that is protected by thoracic wall
- includes: heart, great vessles, other vascular structures, trachea, bronchii, lungs, esophagus, thymus gland, structures of nervous and lymphatic systems |
|
thymus glands
|
- partially covers anterior position of heart and extends along trachea to larynx
- development and maintenance of immune system - maturation of T cells - hormones secreted: thymic hormone -> stimulates lymphocyte development IMMUNE |
|
trachea
|
- tube extending from larynx to bronchi
- lined with cartilage rings which reinforce trachea and prevent it from collapsing on itself during breathing RESPIRATORY |
|
thyroid gland
|
- double lobed structure in the neck
- produces hormones that regulate the rate of metabolism & affect the growth and rate of function of many other systems in the body - hormones secreted: thyroxine -> increases metabolic rate; affects growth; calcitonin -> controls level of calcium in blood ENDOCRINE |
|
ventricle
|
- heart chamber which collects blood from atrium and pumps it out of heart
- right: pumps blood into pulmonary circulation for lungs - left: pumps blood into systemic circulation for rest of body CIRCULATORY |
|
common bile duct
|
carries bile to right and left hepatic ducts, which converge to form the common hepatic duct -> enter superior end of common bile duct ad empty into duodenum, or enter cystic duct to be stored in gall bladder; inferior end with pancreatic duct
CIRCULATORY |
|
ductus arteriosis
|
shunt connecting pulmonary artery to aortic arch that allows most of blood from right ventricle to bypass fetus' fluid-filled lungs in developing fetus
-protects lungs from being overworked and allows right ventricle to strengthen CIRCULATORY |
|
foramen ovale
|
allows blood to enter left atrium from right atrium; detour for not sending as many nutrients to developing lungs
CIRCULATORY |
|
sphincter of oddi
|
controls scretions from liver, pancreas, gall bladder into duodenum off small intestine
DIGESTIVE |
|
cystic duct
|
short duct that joins gall bladder to small intestine
- bile can flow in both directions between gall bladder and common hepatic duct and common bile duct DIGESTIVE |
|
hepatic duct
|
right and left hepatic duct joins cystic duct to form common bile duct
DIGESTIVE |
|
coronary arteries
|
blood vessels that supply blood for heart muscle (myocardium) itself
-epicardial coronary arteries: run on surface of heart -classified as "end circulation" ( represent only source of blood supply to myocardium ) -right and left coronary artery both originate from root of aorta, immediately above aortic valve CIRCULATORY |
|
dorsal aorta
|
vitelline vein from yolk-sac; prolonged backward on lateral aspect of notochord
- gives branches to yolk-sac -> continued backward through body-stalk as umbilical arteries - combine to become descending aorta |
|
inferior vena cava
|
- large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from lower half of body into heart
- enters right atrium @ lower right, back side of heart CIRCULATORY |
|
superior vena cava
|
- large, yet short vein that carries deoxygenated blood from upper half of body to right atrium
CIRCULATORY |
|
pulmonary arteries
|
- carry deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs
CIRCULATORY |
|
pulmonary veins
|
- carry oxygenated blood from lungs to heart ( 4x )
CIRCULATORY |
|
renal artery
|
- supply kidney with blood
- in kidney, each artery divides into four or five branches ( most lie between renal vein and ureter ) CIRCULATORY |
|
renal vein
|
- veins that drain kidney
- connect to inferior vena cava - singular to each kidney |
|
ureter
|
- duct that carries urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
- muscular tubes that can propel urine along by motions of peristalsis |
|
epididymus
|
narrow, tightly-coiled tube connecting efferent decuts from rear of each testicle to its vas deferens
- role in storage of sperm and ejaculation REPRODUCTIVE |
|
penis
|
- male reproductiv eorgan
- male organ for urination REPRODUCTIVE |
|
testes
|
male generative glands in animals
- produce sperm - produce male sex hormones REPRODUCTIVE |
|
vas deferens/ductus deferens
|
- during ejaculation the smooth muscle in the wall of vas deferens contracts reflexively, propelling the sperm forward
- sperm transwferred from vas deferents into urethra, collecting fluids from male accessoy sex glands en route REPRODUCTIVE |
|
vagina
|
- tubular tract leading from uterus to exterior of body in females
- provides path for menstrual flids to leave body - sexual activity - giving birth REPRODUCTIVE |
|
uterus
|
- major reproductive organ in females
- accept fertilized ovium which becomes planted into the end of ometrium, derives nourishment from blood vessles which develop exclusively for this purpose REPRODUCTIVE |
|
oviduct/Fallopian tubes
|
two very fine tubes leading from ovaries of female mammals into uterus
- pushes eggs; fertilization takes place here REPRODUCTIVE |
|
broad ligament
|
-wide fold of peritoneum that connects both side of uterus to walls and floor of pelvis; only in females
- mesentary for uterus, ovaries, and uterine tubes - helps maintain uterus in position REPRODUCTIVE |
|
round ligament
|
- origiantes at uterine horns, in the parametrium
- maintenance of the antevision of uterus REPRODUCTIVE |
|
urethra
|
- tube that connects urinary bladder to outside of body
- males: passage of sperm - pass urine to outside REPRODUCTIVE/EXCRETORY |
|
rectum
|
- final straight portion of large intesting in some mammals, terminating in anus
- temporary storage facility fo animal feces |