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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sensory Receptors
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-Specialized to respond to changes in the enviornment (stimulus)
-When activated they trigger a nerve impulse along a sensory neuron. |
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Sensation
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Awareness of a stimulus
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Perception
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Interpretation of meaning of the stimulus
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Sensory Modalities
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-Each unique type of sensation
-A sensory neuron will carry information for only one sensory modality |
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General Senses
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-Somatic senses- awareness of touch, thermal, pain, and proprioception
-Visceral senses- info about internal organs |
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Special Senses
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Vision, smell, taste, hearing, and balance
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Exteroreceptors
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-Located close to or on the bodies surface
-provides info about the external environment |
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Interoreceptors
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-Located deeper inside the body
-Vessels or organs -info about internal environment |
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Proprioceptors
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-Located in muscles, tendons, and joints
-detects tension to inform you of body position and movement |
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Free nerve endings
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-Bare dendrites
-Designed to detect pain, thermal, tickle, and itch |
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Encapsulated nerve endings
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-dendrites enclosed in a capsule
-detect touch, pressure, and vibration |
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Specialized, seperate cells
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-synapse with a sensory neuron
-hair cells: used for hearing and equilibrium -Gustatory receptors (taste buds): for taste -Photoreceptors (on retina of eye): for vision |
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Mechanoreceptors
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respond to mechanical force such as touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch
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Encapsulated receptors
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Meissner Corpuscles
Ruffini Corpuscles Pascinian Corpuscles |
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Types of Free Nerve Endings
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Hair-root plexus
Merkel discs |
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Thermorecptors
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-sensitive to temp changes
-always free nerve endings |
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Nociceptors
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potentially damaging stimuli which will result in pain
ex. exteme cold or heat Located thru out the body except brain tissue Fast receptors: detect a puncture or cut Slow receptors: start slow and increase in intensity |
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Analgesia
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Relief from pain
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Asprin and Ibuprofen
Advil & Motrin |
block formation of a hormone that stimulates Nociceptors thru out the body
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Local Anesthetic
Novocaine |
blocks conduction of nerve impulses along pain neurons.
only where injected (local) |
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Opiates
Morphine |
alter the perception of pain in the brain
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Chemoreceptors
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respond to chemicals in a solution
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Sensory Integration
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Three basic levels of neural integration
-receptor level -circuit level -perceptual level (in brain) |
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Processing at the receptor level
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-Energy from the stimulus must be converted into a receptor potential (transduction)
-A generator potential in the associated sensory neuron must reach the threshold so a nerve impulse is generated and sent to the CNS -All relevant info about the stimulus (stength, duration) is included in frequency of nerve impulses sent along the sensory neuron -Many sensory receptors exhibit adaption: change in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus |
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Phasic Receptors
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fast adapting
report changes in the internal and external enviorment ex. pascinian and meissner corpuscles |
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Tonic receptors
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provide a sustained response with little or no adaption
ex. nociceptors and proprioceptors |
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Processing at the circuit level
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-sensory neurons must deliver nerve impulses to the appropriate region of the cerebral cortex which will locate the origin of the stimulus and perception of stimulus
-Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway: carry info about touch, pressure, vibration, and conscious proprioception to the cortex -Spinothalamic pathways: sensory neurons will carry info about pain and temp to the cortex -spinocerebellar pathways: sensory neuron that carry info about proprioception to the cerebellum to coordinate movements |
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Perceptual detection
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ability to detect that stimulus occured
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Magnitude estimation
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ability to detect how intense a stimulus is
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Spatial Discrimination
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ability to determine the site of stimulus
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Pattern recognition
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ability to examine a situation and recognize a familiar or unfamiliar pattern
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Nerve
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cord like organ made of bundles of axons within CT
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Endoneurium
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thin layer of loose CT surrounding each axon
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Perineurium
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thicker layer of CT surrounding bundles of axons called fascicles
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Epineurium
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thick fibroused CT surrounding all of the fascicles in a nerve
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Mixed Nerves
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contain both sensory and motor neurons and carry impulses to and from the CNS
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Sensory (afferent) nerves
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nerve impulses toward CNS
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Motor (efferent) nerves
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nerve impulses from CNS
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Ganglia
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clusters of neuron cell bodies associated with nerves in CNS
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Cranial Nerves
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12 pairs of nerves that are part of the PNS and serve only structures of the head and neck, with the exception of the vagus nerve (which serves the abdomen as well)
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Olfactory
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sensory nerve
smell 1 |
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Optic
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sensory nerve
vision 2 |
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Oculomotor
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Mixed nerve
Sensory: proprioception Motor: movement of eye lid and eye ball Constriction of pupil 3 |
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Trochlear
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Mixed Nerve
Sensory: proprioception Motor: movement of eyeball 4 |
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Trigeminal
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Mixed nerve
Sensory: detects touch pain, and temp on face Motor: chewing 5 |
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Abducens
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Mixed nerve
Sensory: proprioception Motor: movement of eyeball 6 |
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Facial
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Mixed nerve
Sensory: proprioception and taste Motor: facial movement and secretion of saliva and tears 7 |
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Vestibulocochlear
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Mixed nerves
Sensory: hearing and equilibrium Motor: adjustment of hair cells in the ear 8 |
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Glossopharyngeal
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Mixed nerve
Sensory: taste and touch on the tongue Motor: swallowing, speech, and secretions of saliva 9 |
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Vagus
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Mixed nerve
Sensory: taste and touch in throat Motor: swallowing, coughing, and control on internal organs 10 |
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Accessory
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Mixed nerve
Sensory: proprioception Motor: swallowing and movement of head and shoulders 11 |
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Hypoglossal
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Mixed nerves
Sensory: proprioception Motor: movement of the tongue during speech and swallowing 12 |
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Mnemonic
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Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Green Vegetables, Ah Heaven
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Spinal Nerves
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31 pairs
All mixed nerves Rise from spinal cord and supply all parts of the body except the head and neck Cervical: 8 Thoracic: 12 Lumbar: 5 Sacral: 5 Coccygeal: 1 |
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Posterior/dorsal ramus
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travels to back of body, shoulders and back
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Anterior/ventral ramus
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toward front and supplies front of body and torso
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Meningeal ramus
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towards spinal column and meninges
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Rami communicantes
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all structures that are part of the autonomic division
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Plexuses
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networks of braided axons formed by anterior/ventral rami of spinal nerves except the spinal nerves from the thoracic region
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Cervical plexus
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Formed from ventral rami of spinal nerves c1-c4
innervates muscles and structures in the head, neck, and chest ex. phrenic nerve |
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Phrenic nerve
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supplies the diaphram (breathing muscle)
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Brachial Plexus
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Formed from ventral rami coming from c5-c7
Innervates the shoulders and arms ex. Ulnar nerves |
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Lumbar Plexus
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Formed from ventral rami L1-L4
Innervates front abdonminal area, genitals, and part of the lower limbs ex. femoral nerve |
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Ulnar nerve
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supplies the hands
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Femoral nerve
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main nerve that supplies the thighs and lower leg
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Sacral plexus
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Formed from ventral rami L4-L5 and S1-S4
Innervates the butt and lower limbs ex. sciatic nerve |
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Sciatic nerve
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back of the upper and lower leg
largest nerve outside the CNS |
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Reflexes
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fast involuntary sequence of actions that occur in response to a stimulus
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Cranial Reflexes
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integration occurs in the brain, usually in the stem
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Spinal Reflexes
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integrates in the spinal cord
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Autonomic Reflexes
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not conciously percieved and get responses from glands, smooth, and cardiac muscles
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Somatic Reflexes
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are conciously perceived and involve responses by skeletal muscle
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Ipsilateral reflex
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Sensory and motor neurons enter and exit the spinal cord on the same side of the body
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Contralateral reflex
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sensory and motor neurons enter and exit on opposite sides of the spinal cord
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Reflex Arc
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pathway followed by a nerve impulse to produce a reflex
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Sensory Receptor
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detects and responds to a stimulus by producing an action potential
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Sensory neuron
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carries an action potential
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Integration Center
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Always Gray matter
Monosynaptic reflex and Polysynaptic reflex |
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Monosynaptic Reflex
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No interneuron present.
Only on synapse |
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Polysynaptic Reflex
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Interneuron is present
More than one synapse |
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Motor Neuron
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carries nerve impulses to the effector
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Effector
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Body part that responds to the nerve impulse
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Stretch Reflex
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Skeletal muscle contraction in response to a muscle stretching
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Tendon Reflex
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Skeletal muscle relaxation in response to extreme muscle force
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Flexor (withdraw) Reflex
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initiated by a painful stimulus and causes autonomic withdrawl from the stimulus
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Crossed-extensor Reflex
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Often accompanies the flexor reflex and causes an ipsilateral withdraw and a contralateral extensor reflex
ex. withdrawing one side of the body and exteding the opposite. Like when fighting...pulling your upper limb back from some one while extending the opposite side to attack |
