The Organic Molecules Of Life

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The study of Chemistry can be divided into two categories

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organic chemistry and inorganic chemistry

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Organic chemistry

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is the study of organic molecules

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Organic molecules contain atoms of

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carbon and hydrogen

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inorganic molecules dose not contain carbon

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H2O and NaCl are inorganic

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a bacterial cell

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can contain over 5,000 different organic molecules

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Isomers

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are molecules that have the same number and kinds of atoms but different chemical properties be cause the atoms occur in different arrangements

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a Functional group

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is a specific combination of bonded atoms that always has the same chemical properties and therefore always reacts the same way

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hydrophobic

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not soluble in water

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hydrophilic

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soluble in water

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Carboxyl groups

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-COOH
are both polar(hydrophilic) and weakly acidic--they partially ionize and release hydrogen ions in solution
-COOH to -COO + H+

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organic molecules are also called

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biological molecules

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monomers

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are cells containing biological molecules composed of the same subunits in large numbers

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a polymer

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is the joning of a large group of monomers

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A protein can contain

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hundreds of amino acid monomers

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Dehydration Synthesis reaction

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is an -OH hydroxyl and an -H is removed as the action occurs Creates a water molecule

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Hydrolysis (hydro water lysis break) reaction

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an -OH group from water attaches to one monomer and an -H attaches to the other monomer in other words ,water is used to break the bond holding the monomer

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Carbohydrates

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are almost universally used as an immediate energy source
In plants and fungi they also have structural functions

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Monosaccharides

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have only a single sugar molecule

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Glucose

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C6H12O6
has two important isomers, called fructose and galactose

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Ribose and deoxyribose

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have 5 carbon atoms they are found in RNA and DNA

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disaccharide

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contains two monosaccharides bonded together
this is the form in which sugars are normally transported

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Polysaccharides

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are polymers of monosaccharides
short term energy storage

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Sucrose

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a disaccharide found in sugar beets and sugar cane----it is common table sugar and is processed in the body as either glucose or frutose which later is changes to glucose it is stored in fat

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Starch

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plants store glucose as starch

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Animal store glucose

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as glycogen which is more highly branched. Branching makes it more subjected to hydrololyic enzymes therefore easier to break down

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Cellulose

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is the most abundant of all carbohydrates---long glucose chains are held parallel in cellulose and form fiber

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Chittin

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is found in the exoskeletons of crabs and related animals--it is glucose attached to -NH2 an amino group

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lipids

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quite varied had one thing in common they are all insoluable--they are Fats and oils and have varied functions

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Glycerol contain

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3 -OH groups are polar therefore water soluable

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Fatty acid

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has a long chain of carbon atoms bonded only to hydrogen with a carboxyl group at one end when it meets a glyerol it interacts with the -OH to make the acid

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Triglycerides are

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made from the interacts of gycerol and fatty acids---fats and oils are degrades during hydrolysis and water is added to the moleculec the -OH groups of the glycerol dehydration synthesis reaction creating 3 molecules of water

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Unsaturated fatty acids

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have double bonds in the carbon chain

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saturated fatty acids

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have no double bonds in the carbon chain

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Trans fats

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contain fatty acids that have been partially hydrogenated (combined with hydrogen) these have been linked to heart disease

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Phospholipids

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a phosphate functional group are like triglyceride except that in place of one group there is a charged phosphate group

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Steriods

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unique carbon skeloton made of four fused rings do not contain a fatty acid

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Cholesterol

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is a component of an animals cell's plasma membrane and is a precursor of other steroids

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Proteins

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Support--skin ligaments
Metabolism --- proteins are enzymes speed up chemical reactions in cells

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Proteins

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Transport --- transport molecules in blood---Hemoglobin
Defense --some proteins are called antibodies

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Proteins

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Regulation---Hormones are regulatory proteins
Motion ---Contractile proteins actin and myosin allow parts of cells to move and cause muscles to contract

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Amino acids

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Proteins are polymers and their monomers are called amino acids---have a unique carbon skeleton a central carbon atom is bonds to a hydrogen atom and 2 functional groups

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functional groups in amino acids

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-NH2 Amino group
-COOH (an acid group) There are 20 different amino acids

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Two amino acid are joined by

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a dehydration synthesis reaction between the carboxyl group of one and amino group of another the resulting covalent bond is called a peptide

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A polypeptide

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is a chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds --this forms proteins which may contain one or more polypeptide chain

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Proteins multiple levels of structure

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primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary

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Primary structure of protein

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a protein's sequence structure

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secondary structure of proteins

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occurs when portions of the amino acid chains take on a certain orientation in space,depending on the number and identity of the amino acids present

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tertiary structure of proteins

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is the overall three-dimensional shape that results from the folding and twisting of its secondary structure
this determines its function

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Denatured protein means

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it has lost its function (broken down and inactivated) ie the frying of an egg it changes color

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Quaternary structure

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contain more then one polypeptide chain such as hemoglobin and insulin

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Nucleic Acids

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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid}
RNA (ribonucleic acid)

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Necleic acids are

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polymers in which the monomer is called a nucleotide found in DNA or RNA

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Nucleotides are made up of

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a phosphate -PO4
a 5-carbon sugar--deoxyribose in DNA or ribose in RNA
and a Nitrogenbase

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DNA Contain one of four bases

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Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
cytosine (C)
thymine (T) double helix G always paired with C A pair with T complementary base pairing

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RNA differs from DNA

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one less sugar and a single strand also instead of T it uses a base called uracil (U)

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ATP

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subunit of nucleic acid, is a derivative of the adenine nucleotide has a metabolic function

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Functional groups

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Hydroxyl -O-H
Carboxyl -COOH
Amino NH2+
Sulfhydryl SH+
Phosphate H2PO42+

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Carboxyl

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Amino acids and fatty acids

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Hydroxyl

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Alcohols and sugars

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Amino

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Amino acids and proteins

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Sulfhydryl

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amino acids, cysteine, protiens

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Phosphate

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ATP, nucleic acids

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Hydrophobic

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are non-polar and not water soluble
to break apart this type of molecule we use dehydration synthesis

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Hydrophalic

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a polar and water soluble
to break apart this type of of molecule we use hydrolysis reaction

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Carboyhydrates

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Glucose, sucrose or Disaccharide (glucose and Fructose) Starch,
Glycogen, Maltose, Cellulose

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Lipids

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Fat and oils--Composed of glycerol and fatty acids called triglycerides.
Phospholipids same structure as a triglycerides except a phosphate group takes place of one fatty acid
Steroids are lipids

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Phosphate

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ATP, nucleic acids

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Hydrophobic

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are non-polar and not water soluble
to break apart this type of molecule we use dehydration synthesis

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Hydrophalic

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a polar and water soluble
to break apart this type of of molecule we use hydrolysis reaction

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Carbohydrates

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Glucose, sucrose or Disaccharide (glucose and Fructose) Starch,
Glycogen, Maltose, Cellulose

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Lipids

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Fat and oils--Composed of glycerol and fatty acids called triglycerides.
Phospholipids same structure as a triglycerides except a phosphate group takes place of one fatty acid
Steroids are lipids

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Proteins

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Proteins are polymers of amino acids. a peptide is composed of two amino acids a peptide bond is a covalent bond

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Protein structure

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1 Primary structure is the sequence of amino acids
2. Secondary structure is a helix or pleated shape

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protein structure continued

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3. Tertiary structure forms due to folding and twisting of the secondary structure
4. Quaternary structure occurs when a protein has more then on polypeptide

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Carbohydrates functions

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immediate energy and stored energy; structural molecules

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Lipids functions

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Long-term energy storage; membrane components

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proteins

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suport metobolic, transport, regulation, motion

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Nucleic Acids

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Storage of genetic information