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184 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The three structures of the hindbrain: |
Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Pons |
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The two structures of the forebrain: |
Thalamus Hypothalamus |
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Structures of the cerebrum |
Frontal lobe Temporal lobe Occipital lobe Parietal lobe Corpus callosum |
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What structure receives sensory input and connects the hindbrain to the forebrain? |
Midbrain |
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Grey matter is grey because.. |
It contains mostly dendrites, cell bodies, and short unmyelinated axons |
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Where is grey matter found? |
The outside areas of the brain and forms the H shaped core of the spinal cord |
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White matter is white because.. |
It contains myelinated axons |
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Each half of the cerebrum consists of an internal mass of white matter and a thin outer covering of grey matter, known as the .... |
Cerebral Cortex |
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The right and left halves of the cerebrum are called the... |
Cerebral hemispheres |
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The cerebral hemispheres are connected by a bundle of white matter called the ... |
Corpus callosum |
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A neurotransmitter junction is what? |
A synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle cell |
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A neurotransmitter junction is what? |
A synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle cell |
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Why do only 2 potassium ions leave the cell but 3 sodium ions enter? How is this balanced? |
Chlorine inside the cell adds an extra negative charge to the cytoplasmic surface |
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A neurotransmitter junction is what? |
A synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle cell |
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Why do only 2 potassium ions leave the cell but 3 sodium ions enter? How is this balanced? |
Chlorine inside the cell adds an extra negative charge to the cytoplasmic surface |
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The nervous system is composed of only two main types of cells, what are they? |
Neurons and glial cells |
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A neurotransmitter junction is what? |
A synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle cell |
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Why do only 2 potassium ions leave the cell but 3 sodium ions enter? How is this balanced? |
Chlorine inside the cell adds an extra negative charge to the cytoplasmic surface |
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The nervous system is composed of only two main types of cells, what are they? |
Neurons and glial cells |
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How many and what kind of ions enter/leave the cell during an action potential? |
Two potassium ions leave the cell and three sodium ions can enter the cell |
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A neurotransmitter junction is what? |
A synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle cell |
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Why do only 2 potassium ions leave the cell but 3 sodium ions enter? How is this balanced? |
Chlorine inside the cell adds an extra negative charge to the cytoplasmic surface |
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The nervous system is composed of only two main types of cells, what are they? |
Neurons and glial cells |
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How many and what kind of ions enter/leave the cell during an action potential? |
Two potassium ions leave the cell and three sodium ions can enter the cell |
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What are the four common features all neurons have? |
Axons, dendrites, cell body and axon terminals |
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A neurotransmitter junction is what? |
A synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle cell |
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Why do only 2 potassium ions leave the cell but 3 sodium ions enter? How is this balanced? |
Chlorine inside the cell adds an extra negative charge to the cytoplasmic surface |
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The nervous system is composed of only two main types of cells, what are they? |
Neurons and glial cells |
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How many and what kind of ions enter/leave the cell during an action potential? |
Two potassium ions leave the cell and three sodium ions can enter the cell |
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What are the four common features all neurons have? |
Axons, dendrites, cell body and axon terminals |
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What does the occipital lobe do? |
Processes visual information |
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A neurotransmitter junction is what? |
A synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle cell |
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Why do only 2 potassium ions leave the cell but 3 sodium ions enter? How is this balanced? |
Chlorine inside the cell adds an extra negative charge to the cytoplasmic surface |
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The nervous system is composed of only two main types of cells, what are they? |
Neurons and glial cells |
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How many and what kind of ions enter/leave the cell during an action potential? |
Two potassium ions leave the cell and three sodium ions can enter the cell |
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What are the four common features all neurons have? |
Axons, dendrites, cell body and axon terminals |
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What does the occipital lobe do? |
Processes visual information |
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How does an impulse proceed from the presynaptic neuron to the post synaptic neuron? |
Chemical messengers called neurotransmitters |
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A neurotransmitter junction is what? |
A synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle cell |
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Why do only 2 potassium ions leave the cell but 3 sodium ions enter? How is this balanced? |
Chlorine inside the cell adds an extra negative charge to the cytoplasmic surface |
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The nervous system is composed of only two main types of cells, what are they? |
Neurons and glial cells |
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How many and what kind of ions enter/leave the cell during an action potential? |
Two potassium ions leave the cell and three sodium ions can enter the cell |
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What are the four common features all neurons have? |
Axons, dendrites, cell body and axon terminals |
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What does the occipital lobe do? |
Processes visual information |
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How does an impulse proceed from the presynaptic neuron to the post synaptic neuron? |
Chemical messengers called neurotransmitters |
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Which brain structure controls subconscious actives such as heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing and vomiting? |
Medulla oblongata |
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A neurotransmitter junction is what? |
A synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle cell |
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Why do only 2 potassium ions leave the cell but 3 sodium ions enter? How is this balanced? |
Chlorine inside the cell adds an extra negative charge to the cytoplasmic surface |
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The nervous system is composed of only two main types of cells, what are they? |
Neurons and glial cells |
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How many and what kind of ions enter/leave the cell during an action potential? |
Two potassium ions leave the cell and three sodium ions can enter the cell |
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What are the four common features all neurons have? |
Axons, dendrites, cell body and axon terminals |
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What does the occipital lobe do? |
Processes visual information |
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How does an impulse proceed from the presynaptic neuron to the post synaptic neuron? |
Chemical messengers called neurotransmitters |
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Which brain structure controls subconscious actives such as heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing and vomiting? |
Medulla oblongata |
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The forebrain consists of.. 1. 2. |
Thalamus and hypothalamus |
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Individual neurons are organized into tissues called..... |
Nerves |
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What does the term resting mean? |
No nerve impulses are being transmitted along the axon, the axon membrane is in a state of readiness |
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What are the 3 main types of neurons? |
Sensory neurons Interneurons Motor neurons |
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Define homeostasis |
The state of relative stability within the body |
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Which lobe is associated with conscious thought, intelligence, memory, personality and controls voluntary muscle movement? |
Frontal lobe |
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Which lobe is associated with conscious thought, intelligence, memory, personality and controls voluntary muscle movement? |
Frontal lobe |
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Each half of the cerebrum consists of an internal mass of white matter and a thin outer covering of grey matter called the .... |
Cerebral cortex |
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Which lobe is associated with conscious thought, intelligence, memory, personality and controls voluntary muscle movement? |
Frontal lobe |
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Each half of the cerebrum consists of an internal mass of white matter and a thin outer covering of grey matter called the .... |
Cerebral cortex |
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Which brain structure regulates the pituitary gland, heart rate, blood pressure, and temperate. Also controls hunger, thirst and sexual desire? |
Hypothalamus |
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Which lobe is associated with conscious thought, intelligence, memory, personality and controls voluntary muscle movement? |
Frontal lobe |
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Each half of the cerebrum consists of an internal mass of white matter and a thin outer covering of grey matter called the .... |
Cerebral cortex |
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Which brain structure regulates the pituitary gland, heart rate, blood pressure, and temperate. Also controls hunger, thirst and sexual desire? |
Hypothalamus |
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Which brain structure connects various parts of the brain and relays information from the senses ? |
Thalamus |
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Which lobe is associated with conscious thought, intelligence, memory, personality and controls voluntary muscle movement? |
Frontal lobe |
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Each half of the cerebrum consists of an internal mass of white matter and a thin outer covering of grey matter called the .... |
Cerebral cortex |
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Which brain structure regulates the pituitary gland, heart rate, blood pressure, and temperate. Also controls hunger, thirst and sexual desire? |
Hypothalamus |
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Which brain structure connects various parts of the brain and relays information from the senses ? |
Thalamus |
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What enzyme is released into a synapse, where is breaks down acetylcholine? |
Cholinesterase |
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What is a reflex arc? |
Sudden, unlearned, involuntary response to certain stimuli |
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What is a reflex arc? |
Sudden, unlearned, involuntary response to certain stimuli |
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_________ conducts impulses from interneurons to the effectors |
Motor neurons |
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What is a reflex arc? |
Sudden, unlearned, involuntary response to certain stimuli |
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_________ conducts impulses from interneurons to the effectors |
Motor neurons |
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A nerve impulse consists of a series of ...... |
Action potentials |
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Effectors are .... |
Muscles or glands and other organs that respond to impulses from the motor neurons |
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Which system controls glandular secretions and the functioning of the smooth cardiac muscles? |
Autonomic system |
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Which system controls glandular secretions and the functioning of the smooth cardiac muscles? |
Autonomic system |
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Which brain structure receives specific sensory input and connects the hindbrain to the forebrain ? |
Midbrain |
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The hindbrain consists of... 1. 2. 3. |
Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Pons |
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The cerebral cortex is divided into four lobes, what are they? |
Frontal lobe Temporal lobe Occipital lobe Parietal lobe |
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The cerebral cortex is divided into four lobes, what are they? |
Frontal lobe Temporal lobe Occipital lobe Parietal lobe |
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The brain itself does not consist of any .... |
Pain receptors |
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What is it called when an action potential jumps from one node to the next ? |
Saltatory conduction |
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White matter forms the.... |
Inner region of the brain and outer area of the spinal cord |
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White matter forms the.... |
Inner region of the brain and outer area of the spinal cord |
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Grey matter is grey because it contains what? Where is this matter found? |
It contains dendrites, cell bodies and unmyelinated axons. It is found in the outer area of the brain and the inner area of the spinal cord |
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In myelinated neurons the action potential occurs only at the .... |
Nodes of ranvier |
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In myelinated neurons the action potential occurs only at the .... |
Nodes of ranvier |
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In the central nervous system, myelinated neurons form ...... and unmyelinated neurons form ...... |
White matter and grey matter |
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In myelinated neurons the action potential occurs only at the .... |
Nodes of ranvier |
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In the central nervous system, myelinated neurons form ...... and unmyelinated neurons form ...... |
White matter and grey matter |
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Which system consists of voluntary/conscious response ? |
Somatic system |
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In myelinated neurons the action potential occurs only at the .... |
Nodes of ranvier |
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In the central nervous system, myelinated neurons form ...... and unmyelinated neurons form ...... |
White matter and grey matter |
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Which system consists of voluntary/conscious response ? |
Somatic system |
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Most neurons in the peripheral nervous system are .... |
Myelinated |
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In myelinated neurons the action potential occurs only at the .... |
Nodes of ranvier |
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In the central nervous system, myelinated neurons form ...... and unmyelinated neurons form ...... |
White matter and grey matter |
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Which system consists of voluntary/conscious response ? |
Somatic system |
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Most neurons in the peripheral nervous system are .... |
Myelinated |
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________ is a neurotransmitter that crosses a neuromuscular junction. |
Acetylcholine |
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In myelinated neurons the action potential occurs only at the .... |
Nodes of ranvier |
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In the central nervous system, myelinated neurons form ...... and unmyelinated neurons form ...... |
White matter and grey matter |
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Which system consists of voluntary/conscious response ? |
Somatic system |
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Most neurons in the peripheral nervous system are .... |
Myelinated |
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________ is a neurotransmitter that crosses a neuromuscular junction. |
Acetylcholine |
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Neurotransmitters have either excitatory or inhibitory effects on the postsynaptic membrane, explain each. |
Excitatory - receptor proteins trigger ion channels go open allowing sodium to flow into the postsynaptic neuron Inhibitory - receptor will trigger potassium ion channels to open allowing potassium ions to flow out |
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In myelinated neurons the action potential occurs only at the .... |
Nodes of ranvier |
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In the central nervous system, myelinated neurons form ...... and unmyelinated neurons form ...... |
White matter and grey matter |
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Which system consists of voluntary/conscious response ? |
Somatic system |
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Most neurons in the peripheral nervous system are .... |
Myelinated |
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________ is a neurotransmitter that crosses a neuromuscular junction. |
Acetylcholine |
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Neurotransmitters have either excitatory or inhibitory effects on the postsynaptic membrane, explain each. |
Excitatory - receptor proteins trigger ion channels go open allowing sodium to flow into the postsynaptic neuron Inhibitory - receptor will trigger potassium ion channels to open allowing potassium ions to flow out |
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Which system is activated under stress? |
Sympathetic system |
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Which system consists of involuntary control? |
Autonomic system |
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What is the difference between sensory receptors and sensory neurons ? |
Sensory receptors receive stimuli and form a nerve impulse Sensory neurons transmit inpulses from the receptor to the interneuron |
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What is the difference between sensory receptors and sensory neurons ? |
Sensory receptors receive stimuli and form a nerve impulse Sensory neurons transmit inpulses from the receptor to the interneuron |
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Which area of the brain stores information involved in language comprehension? |
Wernickes area |
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What are the function of glial cells? |
Nourish the neurons, remove wastes, and defend against infection. |
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The brain can be subdivided into 3 general regions, what are they? |
Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain |
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The brain can be subdivided into 3 general regions, what are they? |
Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain |
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_______ are the three layers of tough, elastic tissue within the skull and spinal column, directly enclose the brain and spinal cord. |
Meninges |
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The brain can be subdivided into 3 general regions, what are they? |
Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain |
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_______ are the three layers of tough, elastic tissue within the skull and spinal column, directly enclose the brain and spinal cord. |
Meninges |
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Cerebrospinal fluid also circulates between which two layers of the meninges? |
Arachnoid and pia mater |
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The brain can be subdivided into 3 general regions, what are they? |
Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain |
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_______ are the three layers of tough, elastic tissue within the skull and spinal column, directly enclose the brain and spinal cord. |
Meninges |
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Cerebrospinal fluid also circulates between which two layers of the meninges? |
Arachnoid and pia mater |
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What links the cerebral hemispheres? |
Corpus callosum |
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What is the connection between two neurons, or a neuron and effector called? |
A synapse |
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What is the connection between two neurons, or a neuron and effector called? |
A synapse |
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Most neurons are not directly connected but have gaps between them called what ? |
Synaptic cleft |
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What is the myelin sheath ? |
Fatty, insulating layer around the axon, protects the neuron and speeds the rate of nerve impulse transmission |
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Which system consists of sensory receptors in the head and extremities, nerves that carry sensory information to the CNS and nerves that carry instructions from the CNS to the skeletal muscles? |
Somatic system |
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For the next few milliseconds after an action potential, the membrane cannot be stimulated to undergo another action potential. This brief period of time is called the ... |
Refractory period |
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The right and left halves of the cerebrum are called ... |
Cerebral hemispheres |
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The CNS consists of what? What is its main function? |
Brain and spinal cord Main function is to integrate and process information sent by nerves |
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The CNS consists of what? What is its main function? |
Brain and spinal cord Main function is to integrate and process information sent by nerves |
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Which system is activated to restore calmness and recover after stress? |
Parasympathetic system |
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The CNS consists of what? What is its main function? |
Brain and spinal cord Main function is to integrate and process information sent by nerves |
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Which system is activated to restore calmness and recover after stress? |
Parasympathetic system |
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What is the threshold of an action potential? |
-70mv to -55mv |
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The CNS consists of what? What is its main function? |
Brain and spinal cord Main function is to integrate and process information sent by nerves |
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Which system is activated to restore calmness and recover after stress? |
Parasympathetic system |
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What is the threshold of an action potential? |
-70mv to -55mv |
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Where are interneurons found? |
Brain and spinal cord |
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An impulse travels the length of and axon until it reaches the far end, called the.... |
Synaptic terminal |
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What is ATP and what happens when it is used? |
It is the cells energy and converts to ADP when used |
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The process of speech involves two areas on the left side of the cerebral cortex, what are they? |
Wenrickes area and brocas area |
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The process of speech involves two areas on the left side of the cerebral cortex, what are they? |
Wenrickes area and brocas area |
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The meninges protect the CNS by preventing the direct circulation of blood through the cells of the brain and spinal cord. This separation of the blood and CNS is called .... |
Blood brain barrier |
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A neuron membrane is said to be ___________ is the transmembrane potential is less than the resting potential of -70mv |
Depolarized |
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The parietal lobe receives.... |
Sensory information from son and processes information about body position |
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Which brain structure controls muscle coordination and balance? |
Cerebellum |
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Which brain structure controls muscle coordination and balance? |
Cerebellum |
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The cerebral cortex is responsible for what? |
Language, memory, personality, vision, conscious thought, and other activities associated with thinking and feeling |
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Which brain structure controls muscle coordination and balance? |
Cerebellum |
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The cerebral cortex is responsible for what? |
Language, memory, personality, vision, conscious thought, and other activities associated with thinking and feeling |
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Which area coordinates the muscles for speaking and translates thought into speech ? |
Broca's area |
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The temporal lobe is involved in .... |
Auditory reception |
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The temporal lobe is involved in .... |
Auditory reception |
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Which brain structure relays information between the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex ? |
Pons |
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The peripheral nervous system consists of what? |
Nerves that carry sensory messages to the CNS and nerves that send info from the CNS to the muscles and glands |
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What are neurons ? |
The structural and functional units of the nervous system. Specialized to respond to physical and chemical stimuli, to conduct electrochemical signals and to release chemicals that regulate various body processes |
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The cerebrospinal fluid transports what? To where? |
Hormones, white blood cells, and nutrients across the blood brain barrier for cells of the brain and spinal cord |
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A nerve impulse is best described as ... |
An electrochemical process occurring across the neurons membrane |
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Insecticides that inhibit the action of cholinesterase kill insects by ... |
Causing continuous muscle contractions |
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The sympathetic ns converts _________ to _________ during a flight or fight response |
Glycogen to glucose |
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What structure of the brain regulates heart beat and respiration ... |
Medulla oblongata |
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Biofeedback consists of conscious efforts to control body responses that are normally involuntary. This technique can be used Rocco tell abnormal fear. Conscious efforts to control body responses through biofeedback originates in the ... |
Cerebrum |
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The frontal lobe is associated with .. |
Conscious thought, memory, personality, voluntary movements |
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The frontal lobe is associated with .. |
Conscious thought, memory, personality, voluntary movements |
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Temporal lobe is associated with |
Auditory reception |
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The frontal lobe is associated with .. |
Conscious thought, memory, personality, voluntary movements |
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Temporal lobe is associated with |
Auditory reception |
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Parietal lobe is associated with |
Receiving sensory info from skin and process information on body position |
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The cerebellum controls.. |
Muscle coordination and balance |
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The cerebellum controls.. |
Muscle coordination and balance |
