The Nervous System

Front 1

"monitoring stimuli"

Back 1

"Sensory input"

Front 2

"interpretation of sensory input"

Back 2

"Integration"

Front 3

"response to stimuli"

Back 3

"Motor output"

Front 4

* Integration and command center"

Back 4

"Central Nervous System"

Front 5

* Is broken into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system"

Back 5

"Peripheral Nervous System"

Front 6

* Conscious control of skeletal muscles (what I drive)"

Back 6

"Somatic Nervous System"

Front 7

(what I don't think about)"

Back 7

"Autonomic Nervous System"

Front 8

"best known for mediating the neuronal and hormonal stress response commonly known as the flight or fight response."

Back 8

"Sympathetic"

Front 9

"summarized by the phrase rest and response or rest and digest."

Back 9

"Parasympathetic

Front 10

- carry impulses from skin, skeletal muscls, and joints to the brain."

Back 10

"Sensory afferent fibers"

Front 11

- transmit impulses from visceral organs to the brain"

Back 11

"Visceral afferent fibers"

Front 12

- transmits impulses from the CNS to effctor organs (memory device: motors are engines)"

Back 12

"Motor (efferent) division"

Front 13

"The tow principal cell types of the nervous system are:"

Back 13

"Neurons and Supporting Cells"

Front 14

"- excitable cells that transmit electrical signals"

Back 14

"Neurons"

Front 15

"- cells that surround and wrap neurons"

Back 15

"Supporting cells"

Front 16

* Promote health and growth"

Back 16

"Supporting Cells: Neuroglia"

Front 17

* They cling to neurons and their synaptic endings, and cover capillaries"

Back 17

"Astrocytes"

Front 18

* Control the chemical environment- by removing excess ions, notably potassium, and recycling neurotransmitters"

Back 18

"Astrocytes"

Front 19

* Phagocytes that monitor the health of neurons"

Back 19

"Microglia"

Front 20

* They line the central cavities of the brain and spinal column- their apical surfaces are also covered with microvilli, which absorb CSF"

Back 20

"Ependymal Cells"

Front 21

"- branched cells that wrap CNS nerve fibers form covering over the axon of a nerve called myelin"

Back 21

"Oligodendrocytes"

Front 22

"(neurolemmocytes)- surround fibers of the PNS"

Back 22

"Schwann Cells"

Front 23

"- Surround nuron cell bodies with ganglia(knots of nerves)"

Back 23

"Satellite cells"

Front 24

* long-lived, amitotic, and have a high metabolic rate"

Back 24

"Neurons"

Front 25

* Cell-to-cell signaling during development"

Back 25

"Neurons"

Front 26

* Contains an axon hillock- cone shaped area from which axons arise"

Back 26

"Nerve cell body"

Front 27

* There are two types: axons and dendrites"

Back 27

"Processes"

Front 28

* Electrical signals are conveyed as graded potentials ( not action potentials)"

Back 28

"Dendrites and Motor Neurons"

Front 29

* Axonal terminal- branched terminus of an axon"

Back 29

"Axons: Structure"

Front 30

* Retrograde"

Back 30

"Axons: Function"

Front 31

"toward axonal terminal"

Back 31

"Anterograde"

Front 32

"Away from axonal terminal"

Back 32

"Retrograde"

Front 33

* Increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission"

Back 33

"Myelin Sheath"

Front 34

"A series of Schwann cells Sheath blocks ion movements Action potential must "jump" from node to node"

Back 34

"Myelin Sheath"

Front 35

Neurolemma- remaining nucleus and cytoplasm of a Schwann cell"

Back 35

"Myelin Sheath and Neurolemma: Formation"

Front 36

* Schwann cells partially enclose 15 or more axons"

Back 36

"Unmyelinated Axons"

Front 37

* There is no neurilemma"

Back 37

"Axons of the CNS"

Front 38

- dense collections of myelinated fibers or axons, which connect various gray matter areas (the location of nerve cell bodies) of the brain to each other and carry nerve impulses between neurons"

Back 38

"White Matter"

Front 39

- mostly soma or cell bodies (neurons) and unmyelinated fibers."

Back 39

"Gray Matter"

Front 40

- three or more processes"

Back 40

"Multipolar"

Front 41

- two processes (axon and dendrite)"

Back 41

"Bipolar"

Front 42

- single, short process"

Back 42

"Unipolar"

Front 43

- transmit impulses toward the CNS"

Back 43

"Sensory Afferent"

Front 44

- carry impulses away from the CNS"

Back 44

"Motor (efferent)"

Front 45

- shuttle signals through CNS pathways"

Back 45

"Interneurons (association neurons)"

Front 46

* The underlying functional feature of the nervous system"

Back 46

"Neurophysiology"

Front 47

"- is the charge gradient across a membrane before any changes take place"

Back 47

"Resting potential"

Front 48

* Hyperpolarization"

Back 48

"Membrane Potentials"

Front 49

"- the inside of the membrane becomes less negative"

Back 49

"Depolarization"

Front 50

"- the membrane returns to its resting membrane potential"

Back 50

"Repolarization"

Front 51

"- the inside of the membrane becomes more negative than the resting potential"

Back 51

"Hyperpolarization"

Front 52

* Sufficiently strong ___ ____ can intiate action potentials"

Back 52

"Graded Potentials"

Front 53

* Only travel over short distances"

Back 53

"Graded potentials"

Front 54

* An action potential in the axon of a neuron is a nerve impulse"

Back 54

"Action Potentials"

Front 55

* Inactivation gates- open in the resting state"

Back 55

"Action Potential: Resting State"

Front 56

"Closed in the resting state"

Back 56

"Activation gates"

Front 57

"Open in the resting state"

Back 57

"Inactivation gates"

Front 58

* At threshold, depolarization becomes self-generating"

Back 58

"Action Potential: Depolarization Phase"

Front 59

* K+ exits the cell and internal negativity of the resting neuron is restored"

Back 59

"Action Potential: Repolarization Phase"

Front 60

* The neuron is insensitive to stimulus and depolarization during this time"

Back 60

"Action Potential: Hyperpolarization"

Front 61

* Ionic redistribution back to resting conditions is restored by the sodium-potassium pump"

Back 61

"Action potential: Role of the Sodium-Potassium Pump"

Front 62

* all or none phenomenon- action potentials either happen completely, or not at all"

Back 62

"Threshold and Action potentials"

Front 63

"- action potentials either happen completely, or not at all"

Back 63

"All-or-none phenomenon"

Front 64

"* Time from the opening of the Na+ activation gates until the closing of inactivation gates"

Back 64

"Absolute Refractory Period"

Front 65

* Enforces one-way transmission of nerve impulses"

Back 65

"Absolute Refractory Period"

Front 66

* The threshold level is elevated, allowing strong stimuli to increase the frequency of action potential events"

Back 66

"Relative Refractory Period"

Front 67

* Presence of a myelin sheath- myelination dramatically increases impulse speed"

Back 67

"Conduction Velocities of Axons"

Front 68

* Much faster than conduction along unmyelinated axons"

Back 68

"Saltatory Conduction"

Front 69

* Shunting and short-circuiting of nerve impulses occurs"

Back 69

"Multiple Sclerosis"

Front 70

* Reduce disability"

Back 70

"Multiple Sclerosis: Treatment"

Front 71

"- cordlike organ of the PNS consisting of peripheral axons enclosed by connective tissue"

Back 71

"Nerve"

Front 72

"loose connective tissue that surrounds axons"

Back 72

"Endoneurium"

Front 73

"course connective tissue that bundles fibers into fascicles"

Back 73

"Perineurium"

Front 74

"tough fibrous sheath around a nerve"

Back 74

"Epineurium"

Front 75

"Even if the sensitive living axons are damaged, the conduit made up of epineurium and perineurium will often survive and provide a pathway for regrowing nerves."

Back 75

"Nerve Fiber Structure"

Front 76

* Speed of conduction"

Back 76

"Nerve fiber classification"

Front 77

* Postsynaptic neuron"

Back 77

"Synapses"

Front 78

"- conducts impulses toward the synapse"

Back 78

"Presynaptic neuron"

Front 79

"- transmits impulses away from the synapse"

Back 79

"Postsynaptic neuron"

Front 80

"Name the types of synapses"

Back 80

"Axodendritic

Front 81

"- synapses between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another"

Back 81

"Axodendritic"

Front 82

"- synapses between the axon of one neuron and the soma of another"

Back 82

"Axosomatic"

Front 83

"Axon to axon ="

Back 83

"Axoaxonic"

Front 84

"dendrite to dendrite ="

Back 84

"Dendrodendritic"

Front 85

"dendrites to soma ="

Back 85

"Dendrosomatic"

Front 86

* Ion and water homeostasis"

Back 86

"Electrical Synapses"

Front 87

* Receptor region on the dendrites or soma of the postsynaptic neuron"

Back 87

"Chemical Synapse"

Front 88

* Sodium ions are pumped out of the cell and potassium ions are pumped into the cell, restoring the orginal distribution of ions."

Back 88

"Action Potential"

Front 89

* Synaptic delay is the rate-limiting step of neural transmission"

Back 89

"Synaptic Delay"

Front 90

* The amount of tim the neurotransmitter is bound to receptors"

Back 90

"Postsynaptic Potentials"

Front 91

* Classified chemically and functionally"

Back 91

"Neurotransmitters"

Front 92

* Nove messengers: ATP and dissolved gases NO and CO"

Back 92

"Chemical Neurotransmitters"

Front 93

* some neurons in the autonomic nervous system"

Back 93

"Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine"

Front 94

* Play roles in emotional behaviors and our biological clock"

Back 94

"Biogenic Amines"

Front 95

* Several classes of drugs target the 5-HT system including some antidepressants, antiemetics, antipsychotics, and antimigraine drugs as well as the psychedelic drugs and empathogens"

Back 95

"Serotonin"

Front 96

"____ - has important roles in behavior and cognition, motivation and reward, inhibition of prolactin production, sleep, mood, attention, and learning and is a precursor for norephrine and epinephrine."

Back 96

"Dopamine"

Front 97

"_____- underlies the fight-or-flight response, directly increasing heart rate, triggering the release of glucose from energy stores, and increasing blood flow to skeletal muscle."

Back 97

"Norepinephrine"

Front 98

* Because of its suppressive effect on the immune system, ____________ is used to treat anaphylaxis and sepsis."

Back 98

"Epinephrine"

Front 99

* ______________ is released as part of the human orgasm."

Back 99

"Histamine"

Front 100

* Gut-brain ____- somatostatin, and cholecystokinin"

Back 100

"Peptides"

Front 101

* Provokes pain sensation"

Back 101

"Novel Messengers"

Front 102

* Viagra is a compound that metabolizes to release ____ ____."

Back 102

"Nitric oxide"

Front 103

"- is the main regulator of cGMP- (cylic guanosine monophosphate) a second transmitter in the brain."

Back 103

"Carbon Monoxide"

Front 104

* Two classifications: exitatory and inhibitory"

Back 104

"Neurotransmitters"

Front 105

"_____ neurotransmitters cause depolarizations (e.g. glutamte)"

Back 105

"Excitatory"

Front 106

"_____ neurotransmitters cause hyperpolarizations [eg. GABA (Gamma (y)- aminobutyric acid) and glycine]"

Back 106

"Inhibitory"

Front 107

* Inhibitory in cardiac muscle"

Back 107

"Neurotransmitters"

Front 108

"The brain and spinal cord form the"

Back 108

"Central Nervous System (CNS)"

Front 109

"Functions of the spinal cord"

Back 109

"1. Spinal cord reflexes.
2. Integration (summing of inhibitory and excitatory) nerve impulses/ pathway for nerves.
3. Highway for upward and downward travel of sensory and motor information from your body to your brain."

Front 110

"Spinal cord is protected by"

Back 110

"vertebral column, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and vertebral (denticulate) ligaments"

Front 111

"bony vertebrae protect the spinal cord. Spinal nerves exit at the intervertebral space. (Fibrocartilage)"

Back 111

"Vertebral column"

Front 112

"connective tissue coverings that encircle the brain and spinal cord."

Back 112

"Meninges"

Front 113

""tough mother"- outer, tough meninx (singular)"

Back 113

"Dura mater"

Front 114

"(similar to a spider web) - made of a delicate spider web arrangement of collagen fibers."

Back 114

"Arachnoid mater"

Front 115

"The area between the dura mater and the arachnoid contains a fluid that cushions the brain and spinal cord."

Back 115

"cerebrospinal fibers (CSF)"

Front 116

"in the subarachnoid space, between the arachnoid and pia is"

Back 116

"Pure CSF"

Front 117

"inner layer which directly covers the brain and spinal cord."

Back 117

"Pia mater"

Front 118

"thickenings of the pia mater which suspend the spinal cord in the middle of the meninges."

Back 118

"Denticulate Ligament"

Front 119

"flattened cylinder, 16-18 inches long and 3/4 inch in diameter"

Back 119

"spinal cord"

Front 120

"in the adult it ends at L2 and in newborn in ends at L4"

Back 120

"spinal cord"

Front 121

"growth of the cord stops at age 5"

Back 121

"spinal cord"

Front 122

"nerves which control the upper limbs leave the spinal cord at the"

Back 122

"cervical vertebrae"

Front 123

"nerves which control the lower limbs leave the spinal cord at the"

Back 123

"lumbar vertebrae"

Front 124

""Horse's tail" - nerves which leave the inferior part of the spinal cord do not travel straight out, but they hang from the end of the spinal cord like wisps of hair and look like a horse's tail. (Goes up, not down)"

Back 124

"cauda equina"

Front 125

"how many pairs of cervical nerves"

Back 125

"8"

Front 126

"how many pairs of thoracic nerves"

Back 126

"12"

Front 127

"how many pairs of lumbar nerves"

Back 127

"5"

Front 128

"how many pairs of sacral nerves"

Back 128

"5"

Front 129

"how many pairs of coccygeal nerves"

Back 129

"1"

Front 130

"are two bundles of axons which connect each spinal nerve to a segment of the cord"

Back 130

"roots"

Front 131

"contains only sensory fibers, which conduct nerve impulses from the periphery into the CNS. (goes up the back side)"

Back 131

"Poseterior or dorsal root"

Front 132

"contains axons of motor neurons, which conduct impulses from the CNS to effector organs and cells. (goes down the front side)"

Back 132

"Anterior or ventral root"

Front 133

"(lumbar puncture) - local anesthetic is given, and a long needle is inserted into the subarachnoid (to get CSF, clear fluid, between the arachnoid and pia) space between L3-L5. The procedure samples CSF for diagnosis, measures CSF pressure. Can be used for injection of antibiotics, anethetics, or chemotherapy."

Back 133

"Spinal tap"

Front 134

"anesthesia is injected into the outside dural space to block (numb) the spinal nerve."

Back 134

"epidural"

Front 135

"matter is shaped like the letter H or a butterfly. Contains neuron cell bodies, unmyelinated (wiring with no insulation) axons and dendrites. Surrounded by white matter (myelinated nerves)."

Back 135

"Gray"

Front 136

"gray matter on each side of the spinal cord is divided into regions called"

Back 136

"horns"

Front 137

"located in the center of the gray matter and extends the entire length of the spinal cord and is filled with CSF."

Back 137

"central canal"

Front 138

"bundle of axons and dendrites extending up and down the spinal cord without a connective tissue covering"

Back 138

"tract"

Front 139

"sensory tracts ascend (up) and are called"

Back 139

"afferent"

Front 140

"motor tracts descend (down) and are called"

Back 140

"efferent"

Front 141

"impulses travel from the spinal cord toward the brain (thalamus) and it's found in the anterior part of the spinal cord."

Back 141

"anterior spinothalamic tract"

Front 142

"automatic responses to changes in the environment."

Back 142

"reflexes"

Front 143

"is the integration center for spinal reflexes"

Back 143

"gray matter of the spinal cord"

Front 144

"result in skeletal muscle contraction"

Back 144

"somatic reflexes"

Front 145

"involve smooth and cardiac muscle and glands (heart rate, respiration, digestion, urination, etc.)"

Back 145

"autonomic (visceral) reflexes"

Front 146

"reflex arc includes:"

Back 146

"receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neuron, and effector (muscle, gland, or another neuron)"

Front 147

"controls muscle tension by causing muscle relaxation before muscle force becomes so great that the tendon might be torn."

Back 147

"patellar tendon reflex"

Front 148

"are mixed nerves because they contain sensory and motor nerves within the same nerve."

Back 148

"spinal nerves"

Front 149

"wraps around each nerve fiber (axon)"

Back 149

"endoneurium"

Front 150

"surrounds a group of nerve fibers forming a fascicle"

Back 150

"perineurium"

Front 151

"covering of the entire nerve"

Back 151

"epineurium"

Front 152

"branches of a nerve"

Back 152

"rami"

Front 153

"nerves join together to form networks called plexuses; found in the neck, arm, low back, and sacral regions."

Back 153

"nerve plexus"

Front 154

"no plexus in which region"

Back 154

"thoracic"

Front 155

"supplies the head, neck, and shoulders."

Back 155

"cervical plexus"

Front 156

"(C3-C5) keeps the diaphragm alive."

Back 156

"phrenic nerve"

Front 157

"damage to the spinal cord above what causes respiratory arrest."

Back 157

"C3"

Front 158

"includes nerves from C5-T1. Supplies the shoulder and arm."

Back 158

"brachial plexus"

Front 159

"includes the sciatic nerve (L4-S3) supplies the posterior thigh and the area below the knee."

Back 159

"sacral plexus"

Front 160

"occurs when pain extends from the buttock down the leg to the foot and may be a sign of a herniated disc in the area of L4 to S3."

Back 160

"Sciatica"

Front 161

"area of skin that provides sensory input to one pair of spinal nerves or to cranial nerve V (for face)."

Back 161

"dermatome"

Front 162

"inflammation of the nerves caused by injury, vitamin deficiency, or poison."

Back 162

"neuritis"

Front 163

"infection of peripheral nerve by chicken pox virus (Herpes Zoster) which causes severe pain, skin discoloration, and a line of skin blisters."

Back 163

"shingles"

Front 164

"viral infection causing motor neuron death in the spinal cord and possible death from cardiac failure or respiratory arrest. Paralysis and can lead to death."

Back 164

"poliomyelitis"

Front 165

"nervous system is made up of mostly ..........."

Back 165

"nervous tissue"

Front 166

"2 types of nervous tissue cells"

Back 166

"neurons and gial"

Front 167

"nerve cells ="

Back 167

"neurons"

Front 168

"function is to conduct electrical impulses to and from nervous system"

Back 168

"neurons"

Front 169

"2 classifications of neurons"

Back 169

"afferent and efferent"

Front 170

"sensory ="

Back 170

"afferent"

Front 171

"motor ="

Back 171

"efferent"

Front 172

"supportive cells that form a connective tissue component in nervous system; one type of nervous tissue"

Back 172

"glial"

Front 173

"fatty white material created when a glial or many glial cells surround a portion of neuron to provide support"

Back 173

"myelin"

Front 174

"surrounds the neuron's nucleus and contains important cellular materials vital to the longevity of the neuron."

Back 174

"cytoplasm"

Front 175

"2 arm-like processes which extend from cell body of neurons"

Back 175

"dendrites, axons"

Front 176

"look like tree branches and function as receptors for signals and conduct electrical signals towards the nerve cell body."

Back 176

"dendrites"

Front 177

"are thin, chain-like extensions with a uniform appearance. They are the impulse generators and conductors that transmit nerve impulses away from the nerve cell body"

Back 177

"axons"

Front 178

"nerve fibers ="

Back 178

"axons"

Front 179

"cells that surround each axon within a nerve"

Back 179

"Schwann cells"

Front 180

"groups of axons grouped into bundles - these bundles are called"

Back 180

"nerve fascicles"

Front 181

"a tough fibrous sheath which surround the whole nerve"

Back 181

"epineurium"

Front 182

"most nerves composed of both motor and sensory neurons are called..."

Back 182

"mixed nerves"

Front 183

"what are these kind of nereves called - specifically some of the cranial nerves, are composed of either sensory neurons only (sensory nerves) or motor neurons only (motor nerves)."

Back 183

"specialized nerves"

Front 184

"site at which neurons communicate or transmit electrical impulses"

Back 184

"synapse"

Front 185

"cell junction (intersection) in which one neuron transmits its signal to another"

Back 185

"synapse"

Front 186

"how many pairs of spinal nerves arise laterally from the spinal cord and externally through the foramina of the vertebral column."

Back 186

"31"

Front 187

"mixed nerves that supply peripheral body parts with both sensory and motor innervation (nervous energy or stimulation) care called...."

Back 187

"spinal nerves"

Front 188

"an opening, orifice, or short passage, as in a bone; plural of foramen"

Back 188

"foramina"

Front 189

"center of nervous system is the ...."

Back 189

"brain"

Front 190

"2 distinct parts of nervous system are"

Back 190

"central and peripheral"

Front 191

"primary role of the central and peripheral nervous systems together is"

Back 191

"behavior control"

Front 192

"PNS ="

Back 192

"peripheral nervous system"

Front 193

"2 parts of CNS"

Back 193

"brain and spinal cord"

Front 194

"is continuous with the brain, and it extends through the neural canal of the vertebral column posteriorly to approximately the level of the second lumbar vertebra"

Back 194

"spinal cord"

Front 195

"at 2nd lumbar vertebra, the spinal cord tapers to a cone-shaped ending calaled the"

Back 195

"conus medullaris"

Front 196

"band of connective tissue which extends to coccyx; arising from conus medullaris"

Back 196

"filum terminale"

Front 197

"numerous nerves (collectively) which branch out from conus medullaris, and look like a horse's tail (because there are no many)"

Back 197

"cauda equina"

Front 198

"system which comprises 2 set of nerves"

Back 198

"peripheral nervous system (PNS)"

Front 199

"names of the 2 nerve sets of PNS"

Back 199

"cranial and spinal nerves"

Front 200

"the large majority of nerves are considered to be part of which nervous system"

Back 200

"PNS"

Front 201

"the 3rd portion of CNS"

Back 201

"autonomic nervous system (ANS)"

Front 202

"ANS ="

Back 202

"autonomic nervous system"

Front 203

"subdivision of both central and peripheral nervous systems based upon function"

Back 203

"ANS"

Front 204

"consists of nerves throughout the smooth muscles of the organs, blood vessels, cardiac muscles, and glands of the body"

Back 204

"ANS"

Front 205

"functions without conscious control"

Back 205

"ANS"

Front 206

"system which is a nerve of either CNS or PNS; it does not contain a separate set of nerves, but is rather a classification of the nerves which pertains to both other systems."

Back 206

"ANS"

Front 207

"how many pairs of cranial nerves are there"

Back 207

"12 pairs"

Front 208

"cranial nerves are named for...."

Back 208

"function and position"

Front 209

"2 ways of indicating the # of each cranial nerve - per your employer or account"

Back 209

"1-12 or I-XII"

Front 210

"smell nerve; relay sensory impulses of smell from the membranes of the nasal cavity. Damage to these nerves results in a loss of smell."

Back 210

"olfactory"

Front 211

"vision nerve; sensory-only nerve that conducts impulses from the retina of the eye. It originates in the back of the eyeball, and damage to these nerves results in blindness."

Back 211

"optic"

Front 212

"eyeball movement nerve; controls all movement of the eyeballs. It is primarily a motor nerve. It comes out of the midbrain and serves four of the six eye muscles, as well as the muscle of the eyelid, the iris (which causes pupil dilation), and the ciliary body. Damage to these nerves can cause a droopy eyelid, constant dilated pupil, or the inability to rotate the eyeball."

Back 212

"oculomotor"

Front 213

"ver small nerve, eyeball movement; This is a very small nerve, both sensory and motor, that innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye."

Back 213

"trochlear"

Front 214

"chewing nerve; This is the largest of the cranial nerves. It is primarily sensory, but does send motor impulses to the muscles of mastication (chewing)."

Back 214

"trigeminal"

Front 215

"Extraocular movements, including eye opening; provides both motor and sensory innervation to the lateral rectus eye muscle. Damage to this nerve causes the eyeball to be pulled medially, and makes it unable to move laterally at all."

Back 215

"abducens"

Front 216

"Facial movements and gustation (taste); This is a mixed nerve. The motor fibers innervate facial, scalp, and superficial neck muscles. The salivary glands are also innervated by this. The sensory fibers arise from the taste buds on the tongue. Damage to these nerves distorts taste perception, particularly with sweets, and causes the face to sag."

Back 216

"facial"

Front 217

"Hearing and equilibrium; This is also called the acoustic nerve. It is a sensory nerve that arises within the inner ear. The vestibular branch controls equilibrium and balance, while the cochlear portion controls hearing. Damage to these nerves can cause deafness or dizziness and inability to maintain balance."

Back 217

"vestibulocochlear"

Front 218

"acoustic nerve ="

Back 218

"vestibucochlear nerve"

Front 219

"Swallowing, elevation of the palate, gag reflex and gustation; This is a mixed nerve that innervates the tongue and pharynx. The sensory portion transmits impulses from the tonsils, salivary gland, and back third of the tongue. The motor fibers innervate the muscles of the pharynx that help with swallowing. Damage to these nerves would result in a loss of bitter and sour taste, or could cause difficulty swallowing."

Back 219

"glossopharyngeal"

Front 220

"Swallowing, elevation of the palate, gag reflex and gustation; Voice and speech; This arises from the medulla and has both motor and sensory fibers that serve autonomic organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It is associated with such functions as breathing, heartbeat, hunger pangs, and peristalsis. One of its branches supplies the larynx and controls speech. Damage to both of these nerves would result in death; damage to only one would affect speech and swallowing."

Back 220

"vagus"

Front 221

"Shrugging the shoulders and turning the head; This is a motor nerve only. It innervates the muscles of the pharyngeal region as well as the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. Damage to this nerve would make it difficult to rotate the head or shrug the shoulders."

Back 221

"accessory"

Front 222

"Voice and speech; This supplies motor fibers to the muscles of the tongue. Damage would cause difficulty speaking, swallowing, or sticking out the tongue."

Back 222

"hypoglossal nerve"

Front 223

"innervates thoracic and abdominal cavities"

Back 223

"vagus nerve"

Front 224

"sense of smell"

Back 224

"olfactory nerve"

Front 225

"hearing and equilibrium"

Back 225

"vestibulocochlear nerve"

Front 226

"controls all movement of eyeballs"

Back 226

"oculomotor nerve"

Front 227

"motor and sensory innervation to lateral rectus eye muscle"

Back 227

"abducens nerve"

Front 228

"arises from medulla"

Back 228

"vagus nerve"

Front 229

"autonomic organs of thoracic and abdominal cavities"

Back 229

"vagus nerve"

Front 230

"muscles of tongue (supplies motor fibers)"

Back 230

"hypoglossal nerve"

Front 231

"tongue and pharynx (innervates)"

Back 231

"glossopharyngeal nerve"

Front 232

"facial, scalp, and superficial neck muscles (motor fibers innervate)"

Back 232

"facial nerve"

Front 233

"salivary glands are also innervated by this"

Back 233

"facial nerve"

Front 234

"sensory fibers arise from taste buds"

Back 234

"facial nerve"

Front 235

"largest cranial nerve"

Back 235

"trigeminal nerve"

Front 236

"pharyngeal region muscles (innervates) as well as the sternocleiomastoid and trapezius muscles"

Back 236

"accessory nerve"

Front 237

"superior oblique (muscle of eye)"

Back 237

"trochlear nerve"

Front 238

"What is the largest portion of the brain?"

Back 238

"The cerebrum"

Front 239

"How is the cerebrum divided?"

Back 239

"Left and right cerebral hemisphere"

Front 240

"What is the cerebrum dividing structure called?"

Back 240

"The longitudinal fissure"

Front 241

"What are the smaller subdivisions, beyond hemispheres, of the cerebrum called?"

Back 241

"Lobes"

Front 242

"Where is the diencephalon located?"

Back 242

"Between the cerebral hemispheres and the brain stem."

Front 243

"What portion of the brain do the thalmus and hypothalmus reside?"

Back 243

"The diencephalon"

Front 244

"What portions of the brain does the brain stem connect?"

Back 244

"The cerebrum and the diencephalon with the spinal cord."

Front 245

"What is the three portions of the the brain stem called and where are the in respect to each other?"

Back 245

"1) The mid-brain is the superior portion
2) the pons is the mid-portion
3) The lowest portion is medulla oblongata"

Front 246

"What is the 'foramen magnum'?"

Back 246

"A large opening at the base of the skull where the medulla connects with the spinal cord."

Front 247

"What does 'cerebellum' mean and where is it?"

Back 247

"- 'Littel brain'
- Below the posterior part of the cerebral hemispheres"

Front 248

"What connects the cerebellum to the rest of the brain and where does it connects?"

Back 248

"1) Pons
2) The cerebrum, brain stem and spinal cord"

Front 249

"What is the 'meninges'?"

Back 249

"Layer of connective tissue around the brain and spinal cord to form a complete enclosure"

Front 250

"Describe the layers of the meninges."

Back 250

"There are three layers:
1) The outermost is called Dura Mater
2) The middle layer is Arachnoid
3) The third innermost is called Pia Mater"

Front 251

"What is CSF and where is it and what is its purpose?"

Back 251

"1) CerebroSpinal Fluid
2) Located in the subarachnoid space
3) Cushion and chock absorber, distributes nutrients and gets rid of waste products"

Front 252

"Where is the crebrospinal fluid produced?"

Back 252

"In the choroid plexus of the four ventricles"

Front 253

"How is CSF produced?"

Back 253

"By filtration of blood and by cell secretion"

Front 254

"What are the lobes of the cerebrum?"

Back 254

"Frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital"

Front 255

"What is the white matter called that relays information within CNS?"

Back 255

"Corpus Callosum"

Front 256

"What are the peaks and valleys called in the cerebral cortex?"

Back 256

"Peak = Gyri
Valley = Sulci"

Front 257

"Name two prominent valleys in the cerebral cortex?"

Back 257

"The central sulci and the lateral sulci"

Front 258

"What are 'basal nuclei'? Where are they and what is their purpose?"

Back 258

"1. Gray matter located deep within each hemisphere - groups of neurons
2. They control facial muscles and body movement"

Front 259

"What are the 3 functions of the frontal lobe?"

Back 259

"1.Motor
2.Speech
3.complex problem solving"

Front 260

"What are the 2 functions of the parietal lobe?"

Back 260

"1. Sensory
2. Estimation of size, distance"

Front 261

"What are the 2 functions of the temporal lobe?"

Back 261

"1.Auditory
2. Olfactory"

Front 262

"What are the 2 functions of the occipital lobe?"

Back 262

"1. Visual input
2. Visual association"

Front 263

"What is the 'cerebral cortex'? Where is it and what does it do?"

Back 263

"The layer of gray matter forms the surface of each cerebrum hemisphere; receiving and analyzing nerve impulses. Specifically association, judgment and discrimination, conscious deliberation and voluntary actions."

Front 264

"What function does the 'thalmus' serve?"

Back 264

"Sorts incoming impulses and and sends to appropriate areas - gate keeper or mail room"

Front 265

"What 3 functions does the 'hypothalmus' serve?"

Back 265

"1.Controls ANS to regulate homeostasis
2.Controls pituitary gland and endocrine functions
3.Controls body temperature, hunger and thirst"

Front 266

"What's the 'mammalian' brain?"

Back 266

"The diencephalon"

Front 267

"What's the 'reptilian' brain?"

Back 267

"The brain stem"

Front 268

"What 3 functions does the 'limbic system' serve?"

Back 268

"1, Emotional states and behavior
2. Learning and long term memory
3. Links functions between cerebral cortex and brain stem"

Front 269

"Where is the 'limbic system'?"

Back 269

"Between cerebrum and diencephalon"

Front 270

"What 2 functions does the 'midbrain' serve?"

Back 270

"Reflex centers for eye tracking and hearing"

Front 271

"What function does the 'pons' serve?"

Back 271

"Bridge connecting cerebellum and rest of nervous system"

Front 272

"What function does the 'medulla oblongata' serve?"

Back 272

"Controlling base respiration, heart rate and blood pressure"

Front 273

"What function does the 'cerebellum' serve?"

Back 273

"Controls balance, coordination and muscle tone"

Front 274

"What is the 3 'V' cranial nerve functions and name?"

Back 274

"Trigeminal - Eye, teeth sensory and chewing motor"

Front 275

"What is the function of 'VII' cranial nerve and name?"

Back 275

"Facial - muscles of facial expression"

Front 276

"What is the 'X' cranial nerve characteristics and name?"

Back 276

"Vagus - Longest cranial nerve

Front 277

"What does 'sensation' mean?"

Back 277

"Aware of stimulus"

Front 278

"What does ' perception' mean?"

Back 278

"Interpretation of stimulus"

Front 279

"Name all the 5 sensory receptors and the functional area."

Back 279

"1. Chemoreceptor - smell, taste
2. Photoreseptor - light
3. Thermoreceptor - temperature
4. Mechanoreceptor - movement
5. Nocioreceptor - pain and cell death"

Front 280

"Explain difference between General and Special senses."

Back 280

"Special: vision, hearing, taste, smell
General: pressure, temperature, touch, pain, position"

Front 281

"Name five pain relieving neurochemicals increased due to massage?"

Back 281

"Dopamine, endorphins, enkephalins, oxytocin and serotonin"

Front 282

"Due to massage, what does decreased 'cortisol' do?"

Back 282

"Allows us to better tolerate stress"

Front 283

"Due to massage, what does decreased 'substance P' do?"

Back 283

"A neurotransmitter that triggers pain response

Front 284

"What are the principal parts of the brain (4)?"

Back 284

"Cerebellum, Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Brainstem"

Front 285

"The thalamus and hypothalamus are located in which part of the brain?"

Back 285

"Diencephalon"

Front 286

"The medulla, pons and midbrain are located in which part of the brain?"

Back 286

"Brainstem"

Front 287

"What is the circle of Willis?"

Back 287

"where arterial blood supply branches in the base of the brain"

Front 288

"How much of the body's daily oxygen and gluclose supply does the brain use?"

Back 288

"20%"

Front 289

"How many minutes of blood flow interruption to the brain to distrupt neuronal function?"

Back 289

"1-2"

Front 290

"How many minutes of blood flow interruption to the brain to cause permanent injury due to lack of oxygen?"

Back 290

"4"

Front 291

"Why must the supply of gluclose to the brain be continuous?"

Back 291

"because carbohydrate storage in the brain is limited."

Front 292

"What is hypoglycemia and what are the symptoms?"

Back 292

"Gluclose deficiency causes mental confusion, dizziness, convulsions, and unconciousness"

Front 293

"What makes up the blood brain barrier and what is the purpose?"

Back 293

"epithelian cells and astrocytes; protect brain cells from harmful substances and pathogens"

Front 294

"How does the blood brain barrier protect brain cells from harmful substances and pathogens?"

Back 294

"blocks passage of many substances from the blood into the brain tissue, tight junctions seal together epithelial cells and astrocyte processes cover capillaries."

Front 295

"What are the 3 meninges that cover the brain?"

Back 295

"dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater"

Front 296

"What makes up cerebrospinal fluid?"

Back 296

"gluclose, proteins and ions."

Front 297

"What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid?"

Back 297

"floats brain and softens impact, optimal ionic concentrations for action potentials, transports nutrients and waste products to and from bloodstream"

Front 298

"Name the ventricles of the brain (4)."

Back 298

"lateral (2), third, fourth"

Front 299

"Describe the lateral ventricles."

Back 299

"locted in each hemisphere of the cerebrum"

Front 300

"What separates the lateral ventricles?"

Back 300

"septum pellucidum"

Front 301

"Describe the third ventricle."

Back 301

"narrow cavity superior to the hypothalamus and between the right and left halves of the thalamus"

Front 302

"Describethe fourth ventricle."

Back 302

"between the brain stem and the cerebellum."

Front 303

"Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?"

Back 303

"choroid plexuses"

Front 304

"How is cerebrospinal fluid produced?"

Back 304

"made from blood plasma that leaks out of specialized, tiny blood vessels (capillaries) called choroid plexus and passes through ependymal cells into 4 ventricles."

Front 305

"choroid plexuses"

Back 305

"located in roof of all four ventricles; consists of tiny capillaries which leak blood plasma into ventricles"

Front 306

"How is cerebrospial fluid reabsorbed?"

Back 306

"through arachnoid villi in the superior sagittal sinus and drains through a median aperture and 2 lateral apertures."

Front 307

"What is hydrocephalus?"

Back 307

"blockage of drainage of CSF due to many different causes"

Front 308

"Describe the medulla oblongata. (8)"

Back 308

"continuation of spinal cord; ascending sensory tracts; descending motor tracts; nuclei of 5 cranial nerves; cardiovascular center; respiratory center; relays info in and out of cerebellum; reflex centers for coughing, sneezing, swallowig"

Front 309

"What is cranial nerve I?"

Back 309

"olfactory"

Front 310

"What is cranial nerve II?"

Back 310

"Optic"

Front 311

"What is cranial nerve III?"

Back 311

"Oculomotor"

Front 312

"What is cranial nerve IV?"

Back 312

"Trochlear"

Front 313

"What is cranial nerve V?"

Back 313

"Trigeminal"

Front 314

"What is cranial nerve VI?"

Back 314

"Abducens"

Front 315

"What is cranial nerve VII?"

Back 315

"Facial"

Front 316

"What is cranial nerve VIII?"

Back 316

"Vestibulocochlear"

Front 317

"What is cranial nerve IX?"

Back 317

"Glossopharyngeal"

Front 318

"What is cranial nerve X?"

Back 318

"Vagus"

Front 319

"What is cranial nerve XI?"

Back 319

"Accessory"

Front 320

"What is cranial nerve XII?"

Back 320

"Hypoglossal"

Front 321

"Where is the pons located?"

Back 321

"superior to the medulla"

Front 322

"What connects the spinal cord with the brain and links parts of the brain with one another via tracts.."

Back 322

"the pons"

Front 323

"What relays nerve impulses related to voluntary skeletal movements from the cerebral cortex to he cerebellum?"

Back 323

"the pons"

Front 324

"What contains the pneumotaxic and apneustic areas which help control respiration along with the respiratory center in the medulla?"

Back 324

"the pons"

Front 325

"What contains nuclei for cranial nerves V, VI, VII, part of VIII?"

Back 325

"the pons"

Front 326

"What does pneumotaxic and apneustic areas in the pons help control?"

Back 326

"breathing"

Front 327

"Where does the middle cerebellar peduncles of the pons carry sensory info to?"

Back 327

"the cerebellum"

Front 328

"What cranial nerves are located in the pons?"

Back 328

"5-7 and vestibular branch of 8"

Front 329

"What extends from pons to diencephalon?"

Back 329

"Midbrain"

Front 330

"Where is the cerebral aqueduct located?"

Back 330

"midbrain"

Front 331

"What does the cerebral aqueduct connect?"

Back 331

"third and fourth ventricles"

Front 332

"What are cerebral peduncles and where are they located?"

Back 332

"clusters of motor and sensory white fibers which connect the lower and upper brain areas; midbrain"

Front 333

"What is substantia nigra and where is it located?"

Back 333

"helps control subconsious muscle activity located in the midbrain"

Front 334

"What is the red nucleus and where is it located?"

Back 334

"rich blood supply and iron containing pigment located in the mid brain; cortex and cerebellum coordinate muscular movements by sending information here"

Front 335

"What is the corpora quadrigemina and where is it located?"

Back 335

"located on the dorsal surface of the midbrain; coordinates eye movements with visual stimuli and coordinates head movemnts with auditor stimuli"

Front 336

"What formation has scattered nuclei in medulla, pons and midbrain?"

Back 336

"reticular formation"

Front 337

"What is the reticular activating system?"

Back 337

"alerts cerebral cortex to sensory signals to awaken you from sleep (alarms, etc); maintains conciousness & helps keep you awake with stimuli from ears, eyes etc."

Front 338

"What composes the cerebellum?"

Back 338

"2 serebellar hemispheres and vermis"

Front 339

"What is the function of the cerebellum?"

Back 339

"corrects voluntary muscle contraction and posture, sense of equillibrium"

Front 340

"What is the arbor vitae and where is it located?"

Back 340

"white matter; in cerebellum"

Front 341

"What does the diencephalon surround?"

Back 341

"the third ventricle"

Front 342

"What part of the brain are the thalamus and hypothalamus located?"

Back 342

"diencephalon"

Front 343

"What is a 1 inch long mass of gray matter in each half of the brain?"

Back 343

"Thalamus"

Front 344

"What contains nuclei that serve as relay stations for all sensory impulses,except smell, to the cerebral cortex>"

Back 344

"thalamus"

Front 345

"What registes conscious recognition of pain and temperature and some crude awarenss of light touch and pressure?"

Back 345

"thalamus"

Front 346

"What essential role does the thalamus play?"

Back 346

"Awareness and acquisition of knowledge"

Front 347

"What different roles do the nuclei (regions) of thalamus play?"

Back 347

"relay auditory and visual impulses, taste, somatic sensations; receive impulses from cerebellum or basal ganglia; anterior nucleus concerned with emotions, memory and acquisition of knowledge."

Front 348

"What is inferior to the thalamus and has four major regions?"

Back 348

"hypothalamus"

Front 349

"What are the four regions of the hypothalamus?"

Back 349

"mammillary, tuberal, supraoptic, preoptic"

Front 350

"What controls many body activities and is one of the major regulators of homeostasis?"

Back 350

"hypothalamus"

Front 351

"What controls the ANS?"

Back 351

"hypothalamus"

Front 352

"What produces hormones but is not an endocine gland?"

Back 352

"hypothalamus"

Front 353

"Hypothalamus"

Back 353

"controls ANS; produces hormones; functions in regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns; regulates eating/drinking through feeding center, satiety center and thirst center; aids in controlling body temp; regulates circadian rhythms and states of conciousness"

Front 354

"What receives somatic and visceral input and is a major regulator of homeostasis?"

Back 354

"hypothalamus"

Front 355

"Where is the pineal gland and habenular nuclei located?"

Back 355

"Epithalamus"

Front 356

"What is the function of the pineal gland and where is it located?"

Back 356

"secretes melatonin during darkness and promotes sleepiness and sets biological clock; located in epithalamus"

Front 357

"What is the function of the habenular nuclei and where is it located?"

Back 357

"emotional response to odors; located in the epithalamus"

Front 358

"What does the corpora quadrigemina consist of?"

Back 358

"superior and inferior colliculi"

Front 359

"Superior colliculi"

Back 359

"reflex center involved in eye, head and neck movements with visual stimulation; part of the corpora quadrigemina"

Front 360

"Inferior colliculi"

Back 360

"reflex center involved in head and trunk movements with auditory stimuli; part of the corpora quadrigemina"

Front 361

"What partof the brain is the largest nd the "thinking" part?"

Back 361

"cerebrum"

Front 362

"What is the gray matter of the cerebrum called?"

Back 362

"cerebral cortex"

Front 363

"This contains billions of cells and is 2-4 mm thick. (cerebrum)"

Back 363

"cerebral cortex"

Front 364

"Contains gyr and sulci."

Back 364

"cerebral cortex"

Front 365

"Gyri"

Back 365

"folds of the cerebral cortex as a result of quick growth"

Front 366

"Sulci"

Back 366

"grooves of the cerebral cortex"

Front 367

"What separates the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex?"

Back 367

"longitudial fissure"

Front 368

"What connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres?"

Back 368

"corpus callosum"

Front 369

"What is the corpus callosum?"

Back 369

"band of white matter connecting left and right cerebral hemispheres"

Front 370

"What are the four lobes of each cerebral hemisphere?"

Back 370

"frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital"

Front 371

"This is the fifth part of the cerebrum, but is not a lobe."

Back 371

"insula"

Front 372

"this lies deep to the parietal, frontal and temporal lobes and cannot be seen in an external view of the brain."

Back 372

"insula"

Front 373

"What are association fibers in the white matter under the cortex?"

Back 373

"they connect and transmit nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere."

Front 374

"What are commissural fibers in the white matter under the cortex?"

Back 374

"they connect gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to the corresponding gyri in the opposite hemisphere."

Front 375

"What are projection fibers in the white matter under the cortex?"

Back 375

"they form ascending and descending tracts that transmit impulses from the cerebrum to other parts of the bran and spinal cord."

Front 376

"What does the white matter in the cerebrum consist of?"

Back 376

"myelinated axons running in three directions; association fibers, commissural fibers, projection fibers"

Front 377

"What is the basal ganglia and where is it located?"

Back 377

"paired masses of gray matter located in each cerebral hemisphere."

Front 378

"What controls large automatic movements of skeletal muscles ad serves as input/output to/from cerebral cortex, thalamus and hypothalamus?"

Back 378

"basal ganglia"

Front 379

"Where is the limbic system located?"

Back 379

"in the cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon"

Front 380

"What is the limbic system?"

Back 380

"emotional brain; functions in emotional aspects of behavior and memory; strong emotions can strenghten memory"

Front 381

"Is the cerebral cortex white or gray matter?"

Back 381

"gray"

Front 382

"What are the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex concerned with?"

Back 382

"reception and interpretation of sensory impulses."

Front 383

"What are some important sensory areas of the cerebral cortex (4)?"

Back 383

"primary.....somatosensory (touch), visual, auditory and gustatory (taste) areas"

Front 384

"What are the important motor areas of the cerebral cortex (2)?"

Back 384

"primary motor area, Broca's speech area"

Front 385

"What are the association areas of the cerebral cortex concerned with?"

Back 385

"complex integrative functions such as memory, emotions, reasoning, will, judgement, personality traits, and intelligence"

Front 386

"Somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex"

Back 386

"integrate and interpret touch"

Front 387

"Visual association area of the cerebral cortex"

Back 387

"recognize and evaluate visual info"

Front 388

"Auditory association area of cerebral cortex (Wernicke's)"

Back 388

"words become speech"

Front 389

"Gnostic area of cerebral cortex"

Back 389

"integrates all senses and responds"

Front 390

"Premotor area of cerebral cortex"

Back 390

"learned skilled movements such as typing"

Front 391

"Frontal Eye Field area of cerebral cortex"

Back 391

"scanning eye movements such as a phone book"

Front 392

"Where are lanquage areas located in the brain?"

Back 392

"in the left cerebral hemisphere of most people"

Front 393

"Aphasia"

Back 393

"inability to use or comprehend words"

Front 394

"nonfluent aphasia"

Back 394

"inability to properly form words due to damage in broca's speech area (stroke)"

Front 395

"fluent aphasia"

Back 395

"faulty understanding of spoken or writte words due to damage to common integrative area or auditory association area"

Front 396

"word deafness"

Back 396

"an inabiity to understand a spoken word due to damage to commaon integrative area or auditory association area"

Front 397

"word blindness"

Back 397

"an inability to understand written words due to damage to common integrative area or auditory association area"

Front 398

"Which hemisphere is more important for right handed control, spoken and written language and numerical and scientific skills?"

Back 398

"Left hemisphere"

Front 399

"Which hemisphere is more important for left handed control, musical and artistic awarenss, space and pattern perception, insight, imagination, and generating mental images of the senses?"

Back 399

"Right hemisphere"

Front 400

"Damage to which hemisphere causes aphasia?"

Back 400

"Left hemisphere"

Front 401

"Damage to which hemisphere causes speech with little emotional inflection?"

Back 401

"Right hemisphere"

Front 402

"What is a tracing of electrical impulses of the brain?"

Back 402

"EEG - electroencephalogram"

Front 403

"What s the criterion in confirming brain death?"

Back 403

"complete absence of brain waves in two EEG's taken 24 hours apart"

Front 404

"What are brain waves?"

Back 404

"millions of nerve action potentials in cerebral cortex"

Front 405

"What do the four lines in the EEG represent?"

Back 405

"Alpha - awake and resting
Delta - deep sleep"
Theta - emotional stress

Beta - mental activity

Front 406

"Olfactory Nerve I"

Back 406

"sense of smell; sits in cribaform plate"

Front 407

"Optic Nerve II"

Back 407

"connects to retina; vision"

Front 408

"Oculomotor Nerve III"

Back 408

"controls muscles that move eyelids and eyeballs, controls accomodation for near vision, constricts pupil"

Front 409

"Trochlear Nerve IV"

Back 409

"controls superior oblique eye muscles"

Front 410

"Trigeminal Nerve V"

Back 410

"motor portion controls muscles of mastication (chewing); sensory portion touch, pain, temp receptors of the face"

Front 411

"Abducens Nerve VI"

Back 411

"controls lateal rectus eye muscles"

Front 412

"Facial Nerve VII"

Back 412

"motor portion controls facial muscles, salivary, nasal, and oral mucous glands and tears; sensory porton taste buds on anterior of tongue"

Front 413

"Vestibulocochlear Nerve VIII"

Back 413

"enables hearing; has two branches= cochlear and vestibular"

Front 414

"Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX"

Back 414

"activates the muscle that lifts throat during swallowing, activates secretios of parotid gland, taste on posterior of tongue"

Front 415

"Vagus Nerve X"

Back 415

"receives sensations for viscera, controls cardiac and smooth muscle; controls secretion of digestive fluids"

Front 416

"Spinal Accessory Nerve XI"

Back 416

"has two portions = cranial and spinal; activates skeletal muscles of throat and soft palate; activates sternocleidomastoid and trap muscles"

Front 417

"Hypoglossal Nerve XII"

Back 417

"controls muscles of tongue during seech and swallowing"

Front 418

"What happens to our nervous system as we age?"

Back 418

"brain weight declines, # of synaptic contacts decline, diminished info processing, conduction velocity decreases, voluntary motor movements and reflexes slow down,"

Front 419

"CVA"

Back 419

"cerebrovascular accident or stroke"

Front 420

"Two classifications of CVA's"

Back 420

"ischemic - decreased blood supply to brain
hemorrhagic - burst blood vessel in brain"

Front 421

"t-PA"

Back 421

"tissue plasminogen activator - used within 3 hrs of ischemic CVA onset can decrease permanent disability"

Front 422

"TIA"

Back 422

"transient ishemic attack = temporary cerebral dysfunction"

Front 423

"Alzheimers Disease (AD)"

Back 423

"a form of dementia; great loss of neurons in specific regions like hippocampus and cerebral cortex, loss of neurons that release aCH, amyloid plaques, tangled protein filaents develop within neurons and destroy them, no cure"

Front 424

"Concusion"

Back 424

"temporary loss of conciousness"

Front 425

"Contusion"

Back 425

"brusing of the brain, > 5 min unconciousness but blood in CSF"

Front 426

"Alzheimers Disease (AD)"

Back 426

"a form of dementia; great loss of neurons in specific regions like hippocampus and cerebral cortex, loss of neurons that release aCH, amyloid plaques, tangled protein filaents develop within neurons and destroy them, no cure"

Front 427

"Concusion"

Back 427

"temporary loss of conciousness"

Front 428

"Contusion"

Back 428

"brusing of the brain, > 5 min unconciousness but blood in CSF"

Front 429

"The autonomic motor pathways consist of what?"

Back 429

"2 motor neurons that communicate at the autonomic ganglion"

Front 430

"Describe the preganglionic neuron of the ANS"

Back 430

"it has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord and is myelinated"

Front 431

"Describe the postganglionic neuron of the ANS"

Back 431

"is has it cell body outside the CNS and is unmyelinated and terminates in a muscle or a gland (visceral effector)"

Front 432

"What are the 2 major divisions of the ANS?"

Back 432

"sypathetic or parasympathetic"

Front 433

"Sympathetic Division of ANS"

Back 433

""fight or flight"; speeds organs up"

Front 434

"Parasympathetic Division of ANS"

Back 434

""rest and digest"; decreases heart rate"

Front 435

"Contains vital centers that regulate heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, vomitting, coughing?"

Back 435

"Medulla Oblongata"

Front 436

"Smoothes and coordinates skilled skeletal muscle movement; also posture and balance or equilibrium?"

Back 436

"cerebellum"

Front 437

"Controls and integrates the autonomic nervous system, regulates hormones, emotional behavior, temp, eating & drinking behavior?"

Back 437

"hypothalamus"

Front 438

"interprets sensory input, controls skilled skeletal muscle movements and is involved in emotional and intellectual processes?"

Back 438

"cerebral cortex"

Front 439

"Helps control breathing; conducts impulses to and from the cerebellum, midbrain, and medulla"

Back 439

"pons"

Front 440

"Relays all sensory iput to the cerebral cortex; involved in skeletal muscle actions and memory processing?"

Back 440

"thalamus"

Front 441

"Coordinates visual and auditory reflexes?"

Back 441

"Corpora Quadrigemina"

Front 442

"Coordinates gross, automatic muscle movements; also involved in the limbic system?"

Back 442

"Basal Nuclei"

Front 443

"White fiber tracts communicating between hemi-spheres?"

Back 443

"Corpus Callosum"

Front 444

"The components of the autonomic reflex arc are:"

Back 444

"sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, 2 motor neurons, effector"

Front 445

"The components of the somatic reflex arc are:"

Back 445

"sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, 1 motor neurons, effector"

Front 446

"Where are the autonomic integrating centers?"

Back 446

"The hypothalamus and lateral gray horn of spinal cord."

Front 447

"Are the autonomic integrating centers polysynaptic or monosynaptic?"

Back 447

"Polysynaptic"

Front 448

"Where are the cell bodies for the sympathetic preganglionic neurons located?"

Back 448

"in the gray matter of the 12 thoracic and first three lumbar segments of the spinal cord"

Front 449

"Where are the cell bodies for the postganglionic neurons located?"

Back 449

"in the sympathetic trunks or vertical chains along both sides of vertebral column or are bundled in collateral ganglia that lie anterior to the spinal column and close to large abdominal arteries"

Front 450

"Name the postganglionic neurons."

Back 450

"Celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric"

Front 451

"Where is the cell body in the preganglionic neuron located?
Is it myelinated or unmyelinated?"

Back 451

"in the brain or spinal cord; myelinated"

Front 452

"Where is the cel body in th postganglionic neuron located? Is it myelinated or unmyelinted?"

Back 452

"outside of the CNS and it terminates in visceral effector (muscle or gland)"

Front 453

"What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?"

Back 453

"Sympathetic and Parasympathetic"

Front 454

"Sympathetic Division"

Back 454

"fight or flght; speeds up organs"

Front 455

"Parasympathetic Division"

Back 455

"rest and digest; slows organs down"

Front 456

"What are the sympathetic trunk ganglia functions?"

Back 456

"innervate organs above diaphragm (pineal glad, lacramal glands, salivary glands, mucosa of the nose and palate, eyes, heart, lungs"

Front 457

"What are the collateral ganglia functions?"

Back 457

"celiac ganglion, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric"

Front 458

"Celiac ganglion are connected to........"

Back 458

"liver, stomach, adrenals"

Front 459

"Superior Mesenteric ganglion are connected to........."

Back 459

"small itesting, ascending and transverse colon"

Front 460

"Inferior Mesenteric ganglion are connected to........."

Back 460

"descending colon, kidney, bladder, reproductive organs"

Front 461

"many organs can get turned on at once; each preganglionic cell synapses on many postganglionic cells that go to effectors; multiple organs fet the message at the same time"

Back 461

Divergence"

Front 462

"What are modified clusters of postganglionic cell bodies that release epinephrine and norepinephrine into blood."

Back 462

"Adrenal glands"

Front 463

"What are autonomic plexes?"

Back 463

"tangled networks of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons which lie along major arteries"

Front 464

"What are the two classifications for ANS neurons? Why are they classified this way?"

Back 464

"Cholinergic or Adrenergic
based on neurotransmitter they release."

Front 465

"Adrenergic Neurons release what and from where?"

Back 465

"They release Norepinephrine from postganglionic sympathetic neurons."

Front 466

"Adrenergic Receptors accept what?"

Back 466

"Norepinephrine and epinephrine"

Front 467

"Adrenergic receptors on effectors are what based on what?"

Back 467

"excited or inhibited based on what type of receptor the organ has"

Front 468

"What are the main types of adrenergic receptors?"

Back 468

"Alpha 1 and Beta 1 - excite effector

Front 469

"What does cholinergic neurons release?"

Back 469

"aCH"

Front 470

"Do cholinergic neurons excite or inhibit?"

Back 470

"depends on type of receptor the effector organ has"

Front 471

"What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?"

Back 471

"Nicotinic and Muscarinic"

Front 472

"Activation of nicotinic receptors cause what?"

Back 472

"excitation of postsynaptic cell"

Front 473

"Activation of muscarinic receptors causes what?"

Back 473

"either excitation or inhibition depending on the cells receptors"

Front 474

"Agonist"

Back 474

"is a substance that binds to and activates a receptor, mimicking the effect of a natural neurotransmitter or hormone"

Front 475

"Antagonist"

Back 475

"is a substance that binds to and blocks a receptor, preventing a natural neurotransmitter or hormon from exerting its effect."

Front 476

"SLUDD"

Back 476

"salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion and defacation = maintained by parasympathetic system"

Front 477

"The Autonomic Nervous System employs which type of neuron pathway?

One-neuron OR Two-neuron"

Back 477

"Two-neuron pathway"

Front 478

Ganglia located near spinal cord"

Back 478

"Sympathetic"

Front 479

Norepinephrine is neurotransmitter employed"

Back 479

"Sympathetic"

Front 480

Acetylcholine is neurotransmitter employed"

Back 480

"Parasympathetic"

Front 481

Conserves energy"

Back 481

"Parasympathetic"

Front 482

Short preganglionic/long postganglionic neurons"

Back 482

"Sympathetic"

Front 483

long preganglionic/short postganglionic neurons"

Back 483

"Parasympathetic"

Front 484

"Which structure of the Diencephalon regulates the Autonomic Response?"

Back 484

"Hypothalamus"

Front 485

"what are the 4 functional types of neurons? Which is responsible for the autonomic nervous system?"

Back 485

"GVA, GVE, GSA, GSE; GVE"

Front 486

"what makes the GVE neuron distinct from the others?"

Back 486

"it is a 2-neuron chain"

Front 487

"where are GVA neurons located in relation to GVE neurons?"

Back 487

"in the same nerves"

Front 488

"the first neuron of the two-neuron GVE chain has its cell body in the ____ while the second neuron has its cell body in the _____."

Back 488

"CNS; PNS"

Front 489

"the synapse between two neurons of the GVE chain occurs where?"

Back 489

"within the ganglion"

Front 490

"what is the name for the axon of the first GVE neuron? The second?"

Back 490

"preganglionic fiber; postganglionic fiber"

Front 491

"what are the two divisiong of the ANS?"

Back 491

"sympathetic and parasympathetic"

Front 492

"are visceral structures innervated by sympathetic or parasympathetic neurons?"

Back 492

"both"

Front 493

"which structures are only innervated by sympathetic neurons?"

Back 493

"sweat glands, arrector pili muscles, adrenal medulla, most blood vessels"

Front 494

"which two blood vessels receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation?"

Back 494

"coronary vessels and vessels of the genetalia"

Front 495

"do sympathetic neurons vasocontrict or vasodilate blood vessels?"

Back 495

"both"

Front 496

"what determines the effect that sympathetic innervation will have on a blood vessel?"

Back 496

"type of receptor"

Front 497

"what is the region that preganglionic cell bodies of sympathetic neurons are found?"

Back 497

"T1-L2/L3"

Front 498

"which horn of the spinal cord are preganglionic cell bodies most commonly found?"

Back 498

"lateral"

Front 499

"through which root do the preganglionic sympathetic fibers exit the spinal cord?"

Back 499

"ventral root"

Front 500

"from the ventral root, how does the preganglionic fiber enter the sympathetic chain?"

Back 500

"via the white ramus communicans"

Front 501

"what are the 4 categories of sympathetic destinations?"

Back 501

"limbs and body wall, head, thoracic cavity, abdominal/pelvic cavities"

Front 502

"where are the paravertebral ganglia located?"

Back 502

"in two chains located on the lateral aspects of the vertebral column and extend from the base of the skull to the coccyx"

Front 503

"where are prevertebral ganglia located?"

Back 503

"in aortic and pelvic plexuses on the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta and within the pelvic cavity"

Front 504

"which sympathetic nerves synapse in the prevertebral ganglia?"

Back 504

"those traveling to the abdominal and pelvic cavities (splanchnic nerves)"

Front 505

"fibers traveling to the limbs or body wall follow which path once entering the sympathetic chain?"

Back 505

"travel in chain to target spinal level, synapse in the chain ganglia, exit the chain through the gray ramus communicans and travel in VPR or DPR to reach destination"

Front 506

"in which ganglia do fibers traveling to the head synapse? Via which nerves do they exit the chain?"

Back 506

"superior cervical ganglia; external and internal carotid arteries which form plexuses on major arteries of head"

Front 507

"at which region of the spinal cord do the fibers traveling to the thoracic cavity synapse? Via which nerves do they exit the sympathetic chain? How do they reach their targets?"

Back 507

"C1-T5; cardiac nerves; cardiac/pulmonary/esophageal plexuses"

Front 508

"what is unique about the fibers traveling to abdominal or pelvic cavities?"

Back 508

"they exit the sympathetic chain without synapsing"

Front 509

"via which nerves do fibers traveling to abdominal or pelvic cavities exit the sympathetic chain? Which plexuses do they enter? Where do they synapse?"

Back 509

"splanchnic nerves; aortic and pelvic plexuses; prevertebral ganglia"

Front 510

"which targets of the SNS are accessed via the grey ramus communicans?"

Back 510

"blood vessels, arrector pili muscles, and sweat glands in the limbs/body wall"

Front 511

"where are white rami communicans located? Grey?"

Back 511

"from T1-L2/3; all along sympathetic chain"

Front 512

"where are preganglionic cell bodies of parasympathetic neurons found?"

Back 512

"in brainstem(associated with certain cranial nerves) or in 2nd-4th sacral segment of the spinal cord"

Front 513

"what is the name for the nerves in which parasympathetic fibers from sacral segments arise?"

Back 513

"pelvic splanchnic nerves"

Front 514

"which cranial nerves accommodate the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers originating in the brainstem?"

Back 514

"III, VII, IX, X"

Front 515

"where do parasympathetic preganglionic fibers synapse?"

Back 515

"in parasympathetic ganglia that are located throughout the body"

Front 516

"are the parasympathetic ganglia located near to or far from the target organs or glands?"

Back 516

"near to"

Front 517

"are postganglionic parasympathetic fibers shorter or longer than preganglionic fibers?"

Back 517

"shorter"

Front 518

"what is the biggest difference between the targets of parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons?"

Back 518

"parasympathetic neurons do not travel to limbs or body wall"

Front 519

"what is the primary role of most GVA fibers?"

Back 519

"unconscious reflexes"

Front 520

"what are examples of visceral sensations?"

Back 520

"pain, distention, cramps"

Front 521

"is visceral pain well or poorly localized?"

Back 521

"poorly"

Front 522

"to where is visceral pain oftern referred?"

Back 522

"to a cutaneous site"

Front 523

"what does it mean to say that certain visceral structures are insensitive to pain?"

Back 523

"their GVA fibers do not carry pain sensations"

Front 524

"in general do GVA pain fibers travel with sympathetic or parasympathetic fibers? GVA reflex fibers?"

Back 524

"sympathetic; parasympathetic"

Front 525

"what is the most important rule when considering the path of GVA neurons to CNS?"

Back 525

"they take the shortest path"

Front 526

"what is the shape of the GVA neurons? Cell bodies are normally located where?"

Back 526

"pseudounipolar; dorsal root ganglia"

Front 527

"are GVA fibers part of the ANS?"

Back 527

"no"

Front 528

"where are cell bodies of GVA fibers in cranial nerves located?"

Back 528

"in special sensory ganglia in the head"

Front 529

"the ANS is a system of _ neurons."

Back 529

"the ANS is a system of a motor neurons."

Front 530

"the ANS innervates
1. _
2. _
3. _"

Back 530

"the ANS innervates

1. smooth muscle in organs & blood vessels
2. cardiac muscle
3. glands"

Front 531

"what is the function of the ANS?"

Back 531

"the ANS regulates visceral functions (heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, urination)"

Front 532

"the ANS is in which division of the peripheral nervous system?"

Back 532

"the ANS is part of the general visceral motor division of the peripheral nervous system"

Front 533

"what are the main differences btwn the somatic motor system and autonomic nervous system?"

Back 533

"-ANS has chain of 2 motor neurons, while the SMS has one
-conduction is slower in ANS than SMS because ANS nerves have thinly myelinated or unmyelinated axons"

Front 534

"difference btwn the sympathetic and parasympathetic division of ANS"

Back 534

"sympathetic = fight or flight
parasympathetic =routine maintenance functions"

Front 535

"why is the sympathetic nervous system important?"

Back 535

"sympathetic system helps us respond to dangerous situations by increasing heart rate, breathing, blood & oxygen to skeletal muscles, dilated pupil & airways, motility of digestion and urinary tracts are inhibited"

Front 536

"what is the thoracolumbar division AKA?"

Back 536

"thoracolumbar division AKA sympathetic nervous system because it affects regions like lungs, hear, stomach, pancreas, bladder, etc via the spine"

Front 537

"what is the craniosacral division AKA?"

Back 537

"craniosacral division AKA parasympathetic because it issues signals via the brain and sacral region of the spine"

Front 538

"why are sympathetic postganglionic fibers long?"

Back 538

"sympathetic postganglionic fibers are long because the ganglia are typically close the CNS"

Front 539

"why are parasypathetic postganglionic fibers short?"

Back 539

"parasympathetic postganglionic fibers are short because ganglia are close to viscera"

Front 540

"are sympathetic axons highly/lowly branched ?"

Back 540

"sympathetic axons are HIGHLY branched"

Front 541

"T/F parasympathetic axons are highly branched"

Back 541

"FALSE. parasympathetic axons have few branches"

Front 542

"what type of neurotransmitter do sympathetic axons typically release?"

Back 542

"sympathetic axons typically release norepinephrine (adrenergic)"

Front 543

"what type of neurotransmitters do parasympathetic axons release?"

Back 543

"parasympathetic axons release acetylcholine (cholinergic)"

Front 544

"cranial outflow from the parasympathetic system innervates what/"

Back 544

"cranial outflow from the parasympathetic system innervates the organs of the head, neck, thorax, and most of the abdomen"

Front 545

"sacral outflow from the parasympathetic system innervates what?"

Back 545

"sacral outflow from the parasympathetic system innervates the distal half of the large intestine, reproductive organs and erectile tissue in external genitalia"

Front 546

"the preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic cranial ouflow run which nerves?"

Back 546

"preganglionic fibers of cranial outflow run via

Front 547

"path of the vagus nerve (X) hint: plexuses"

Back 547

"-cardiac plexus
-pulmonary plexus
-esophageal plexus
-celiac plexus

Front 548

"from which vertebrae does sacral outflow emerge from?"

Back 548

"sacral outflow emerges from S2-S4"

Front 549

"which regions does the sacral outflow innervate?"

Back 549

"sacral outflow innervates organs of the pelvis & lower abdomen"

Front 550

"where are the preganglionic cell bodies located?"

Back 550

"preganglionic cell bodies are located in the visceral motor region of the spinal gray matter"

Front 551

"what are splanchnic nerves?"

Back 551

paired nerves that contribute to the innervation of viscera, carrying fibers of the autonomic nervous system to organs (visceral efferent fibers) & sensory fibers from the organs (visceral afferent fibers)"

Front 552

"the autonomic fibers in splanchnic nerves are

a. sympathetic
b. parasympathetic
c. both"

Back 552

sympathetic except for pelvic splanchnic nerves that can carry parasympathetic"

Front 553

"from which vertebrae does the sympathetic division come?"

Back 553

T1-L2"

Front 554

"the sympathetic trunk ganglia are joined to the ventral rami by ..?"

Back 554

the white & gray rami communicans"

Front 555

"in what ways does the collateral ganglia differ from the sympathetic trunk ganglia? 3"

Back 555

"collateral ganglia differs from sympathetic in that

-unpaired, not segmentally arranged
-occur only in abdomen & pelvis
-lie anterior to the vertebral column"

Front 556

"which of the following ganglia is unpaired?

a. sympathetic trunk ganglia
b. chain ganglia
c. collateral ganglia
d. paravertebral ganglia"

Back 556

"collateral ganglia are unpaired.

Front 557

SYMPATHETIC PATHWAY

Back 557

-preganglion neurons
-ventral root
-spinal nerve
-white ramus communicans
-associated sympathetic trunk ganglion
-gray ramus communicans
-to effector (skin, blood vessels, whatevs)"

Front 558

"sympathetic pathways innervate what body perifpheries?"

Back 558

"sympathetic pathway innervates
-sweat glands
-arrector pili muscles
-peripheral blood vessels"

Front 559

"what is the largest sympathetic ganglia?"

Back 559

"the adrenal medulla = largest sympathetic ganglia"

Front 560

"what is the role of the adrenal meduall in sympathetic nervous system?"

Back 560

"adrenal medula's role:

Front 561

"which part of the brain exerts the most direct influence on the ANS?"

Back 561

"the reticular formation exerts the most direct influence"

Front 562

"which centers does the medulla oblongata regulate?"

Back 562

"medulla oblongata affects the cardiac center, vasomotor center & digestive activities"

Front 563

"what part of the brain exerts the sympathetic fear response?"

Back 563

"the periaqueductal gray matter in the midbrain exerts the sympathetic fear response"

Front 564

"what role does the hypothalamus play in the ANS?"

Back 564

"the hypothalamus is the main integration center for the ANS"

Front 565

"what's the amygdala?"

Back 565

"amygdala is the main limbic region for emotions"

Front 566

"what part of the brain influences the parasympathetic system? ex?"

Back 566

"the cerebral cortex influences the parasympathetic system. ex: meditation is associated with the cerebral cortex"

Front 567

"what is raynaud's disease?"

Back 567

"RAYNAUD'S DISEASE

Front 568

-The neurons are called preganglinonic and postganglionic nuerons."

Back 568

"Autonomic Nervous System"

Front 569

-ONE neuron connects the CNS to the skeletal muscle."

Back 569

"Somatic Nervous System"

Front 570

"In the ANS, the _______ is a collection of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS that function like "little brains" in the ANS."

Back 570

"Ganglia"

Front 571

"Is there any ganglia in the somatic nervous system?"

Back 571

"No"

Front 572

"In the ANS, the _______ neuron is the cell body located in the brain or spinal cord and originates from the cranial nerves or spinal cord. The axon is myelinated and extends to the autonomic ganglion."

Back 572

"Preganlionic neruon"

Front 573

"In the ANS _______, neuron is the cell body that lies outside the CNS in an autonomic ganglion. The axon is unmyelinated and terminates in the visceral effector"

Back 573

"Post-ganglionic neuron"

Front 574

-these responses are long lasting due to the release of norepinephrine (adrenalin) and its lingering in the synaptic gap."

Back 574

"Sympathetic division of the ANS"

Front 575

- there is a massive activated during times of extreme fear when there is no escape route or now way to win"

Back 575

"Parasympathetic divsion of the ANS

Front 576

"One of the ANS neurotransmitters is _________ which release epinephrine or adrenalin"

Back 576

"Adrenergic"

Front 577

"One of the ANS neurotransmitters is ______ which release acetylcholine."

Back 577

"Cholinergic"

Front 578

"The PNS releases __________ (neurotransmitter) from the pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic neurons."

Back 578

"acetylcholine"

Front 579

"________ receptors present in the cell membrane of dendrites and cell bodies of sympathetic and parasympathetic post ganglionic neurons. It mimics the action of acetylcholine by binding to thes receptors."

Back 579

"Nicotinic receptors"

Front 580

"________ rceptors present in cell membranes of all effectors and innervated by parasympathetic postganglionic axons. These receptors are stimulated by a mushroom poison called muscranin which binds to them like acetylcholine ."

Back 580

"Muscarinic receptors"

Front 581

"What do autonomic reflexes involve?"

Back 581

"Smooth and cardiac muscle and glands"

Front 582

"What are the two divisions of autonomic reflexes?"

Back 582

"Sympathetic and Parasympathetic division"

Front 583

"What is dual innervation?"

Back 583

"Dual innervation is where both divisions innervate the same organs but usually cause opposite effects"

Front 584

"Which division is the flight or fight response?"

Back 584

"Sympathetic Division"

Front 585

"What are 6 reflexes in the sympathetic division?"

Back 585

"1. Mobilization of body during exercise or emergency

Front 586

"What division is the rest and digest response?"

Back 586

"Parasympathetic division"

Front 587

"Which division promotes "housekeeping" functions?"

Back 587

"Parasympathetic division"

Front 588

"What are the housekeeping functions? Who promotes them?"

Back 588

"Digestion, elimination of wasets, heart slows, breathing slows, pupils constrict. parasympathetic division"

Front 589

"In a sympathetic neuron chain, the preganglionic axon secretes what NT?"

Back 589

"acetylcholine"

Front 590

"In a sympathetic neuron chain, the postganglionic axon secretes what NT?"

Back 590

"Norepinephrine"

Front 591

"In a sympathetic neuron chain, what is secreted by the adrenal medulla?"

Back 591

"Epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood stream"

Front 592

"In a parasympathetic neuron chain, which NT is secreted from both the preganglionic axon and the postganglionic axon?"

Back 592

"acetylcholine"

Front 593

"What is the effect of the NT acetylcholine in the somatic nervous system?"

Back 593

"Always stimulatory. Always causes contraction"

Front 594

"What are the effect of the NT acetylcholine and norepinephrine in the autonomic nervous system?"

Back 594

"Stimulatory or inhibitory. Depends on the NT and receptors on the effector organs"

Front 595

"What kind of effect is bright light causing pupillary constriction?"

Back 595

"Parasympathetic"

Front 596

"What kind of effect is dim light causing pupillary dilation?"

Back 596

"Sympathetic"

Front 597

"Normal pupil size results from a balance between what two effects?"

Back 597

"Parasympathetic and sympathetic"

Front 598

"Which effects are protective?"

Back 598

"Parasympathetic"

Front 599

"Which effect can override the other?"

Back 599

"Parasympathetic can override sympathetic"

Front 600

"What kind of muscles control the pupillary action?"

Back 600

"Smooth muscle"

Front 601

"What is a direct response regarding pupils?"

Back 601

"Direct response is stimulated pupil constricts"

Front 602

"What is Consensual response?"

Back 602

"Opposite (unstimulated) pupil constricts"

Front 603

"What is good about consensual response?"

Back 603

"Protects both eyes even if only one is stimulated"

Front 604

"What is atropine? What does it cause?"

Back 604

"Atropine is a drug that blocks acetylcholine receptors on sphincter pupillae muscles. Causes eyes to be unable to constrict"

Front 605

"What is the iris?"

Back 605

"Colored part of the eye"

Front 606

"What is the pupil?"

Back 606

"Pupil is the opening in the iris"

Front 607

"What is the sphincter pupillae?"

Back 607

"Sphincter pupillae is the muscle that constricts pupil size"

Front 608

"What is the dilator pupillae?"

Back 608

"The Dilator pupillae is the muscle that dilates the pupil size"

Front 609

"Which type of neurons promote daily functions such as digestion?"

Back 609

"Parasympathetic motor neurons"

Front 610

"Which type of neurons have two neurons in series between the CNS and the effector?"

Back 610

"Both parasympathetic and sympathetic motor neurons"

Front 611

"Which neurons have preganglionic neurons that secrete acetylcholine?"

Back 611

"Both parasympathetic motor neurons and sympathetic motor neurons"

Front 612

"What are the two main types of reflexes?"

Back 612

"Learned (acquired) reflexes and inborn (intrinsic) reflexes"

Front 613

"What are acquired reflexes?"

Back 613

"They are complex reflexes that result from practice or repetition"

Front 614

"What are intrinsic reflexes?"

Back 614

"They are simple reflexes that are rapid, predictable motor responses to a stimulus"

Front 615

"Are intrinsic reflexes involuntary or voluntary?"

Back 615

"Involuntary (even if reflex involves voluntary skeletal muscles)"

Front 616

"What are the five steps to the reflex arc?"

Back 616

"1. Sensory receptor

Front 617

"Most sensory neurons are unipolar or multipolar?"

Back 617

"unipolar!"

Front 618

"Motor and association neurons are unipolar or multipolar?"

Back 618

"Multipolar!"

Front 619

"What are the two types of reflexes, scientifically?"

Back 619

"Autonomic reflexes and Somatic reflexes"

Front 620

"What are autonomic reflexes?"

Back 620

"Autonomic reflexes are involuntary that involve smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands"

Front 621

"What are some examples of autonomic reflexes?"

Back 621

"Pupils dilating, salivate when hungry, etc"

Front 622

"What are somatic reflexes?"

Back 622

"Somatic reflexes are involuntary reflexes that involve skeletal muscle"

Front 623

"What are 3 important facts about spinal somatic reflexes?"

Back 623

"1. Integration occurs in the spinal cord

Front 624

"TRUE OR FALSE: Somatic reflexes are involuntary even though they involve voluntary skeletal muscles."

Back 624

"True"

Front 625

"What are stretch reflexes?"

Back 625

"Stretch reflexes are the simplest somatic spinal reflex"

Front 626

"What is the stimulus for stretch reflexes?"

Back 626

"A stretch in a skeletal muscle"

Front 627

"What are the responses to stretch reflexes?"

Back 627

"1. Reflex contraction of stretched muscle

Front 628

"Skeletal muscles often work in what kind of pairs?"

Back 628

"Opposing!"

Front 629

"If both opposing muscles contract at the same time, what occurs?"

Back 629

"No movement"

Front 630

"During the stretch reflex, one muscle ______ while the opposing muscle ______."

Back 630

"Contracts. Relaxes"

Front 631

"What is the purpose of the stretch reflex?"

Back 631

"To maintain muscle tone in large postural muscles"

Front 632

"What are the sensory receptors in muscles?"

Back 632

"muscle spindles"

Front 633

"What are muscle spindles?"

Back 633

"Muscle spindles are proprioceptors which give you your "body sense""

Front 634

"What do muscle spindles detect?"

Back 634

"They detect changes in muscle length"

Front 635

"When a muscle is unstretched, APs are generated at what kind of rate?"

Back 635

"Constant rate"

Front 636

"When a muscle is stretched, APs are generated at what kind of rate?"

Back 636

"Increasing rate"

Front 637

"A muscle responds to stretch by doing what?"

Back 637

"Contracting"

Front 638

"When only motor neurons are activated and extrafusal muscle fibers contract, the muscle spindle becomes what? What happens to APs?"

Back 638

"Slack and no APs are fired"