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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Thalamus
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1. Surround the third ventricle
2. All sensory information that ascend to the cerebrum must first be routed through the thalamus 3. Responsible for attaching an emotion to a stimulus |
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Hypothalamus
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1. Below thalamus
2. No blood brain barrier 3. Regulate homeostasis: many nuclei all having different functions to monitor different aspects of homeostasis 4. Controls A.N.S., body temperature, influence pituitary, plays role in maintaining cardiac rhythm, influence reflex centers of the brain |
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Pituitary
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1. Attached to thalamus by infundibulum
2. Link between nervous system and endocrine system |
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Pineal Gland
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1. Endocrine gland
2. Produces and secretes melatonin ex. SAD: seasonal affect disorder: less light = increase melatonin 3. Receives input from the retina 4. Important for regulating sleep cycles, mating cycles, and reproductive function |
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Limbic system
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1. Border between cerebrum and diencephalon
2. Wraps around thalamus and hypothalamus 3. Important for emotions 4. Important for motivation 5. Important for learning and memory, storage and retrieval 6. Important for olfaction, smell, the greatest trigger for memories |
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Damage to Limbic System
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inappropriate emotion, can’t recognize facial expressions, loss of memory, inappropriate fear
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Parts of the Diencephalon
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Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal Gland, Thalamus
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Parts of Limbic System
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Amygdala, Limbic Lobe, Fornix
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Amygdala
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Rage center, almond shaped
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Limbic Lobe
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Hippocampus: important for spatial learning and memory (directions)
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Fornix
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Tract: connecting limbic system to the hypothalamus
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Cerebrum
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largest portion of the human brain
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Frontal
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decisions, plan ahead, personality, motor commands
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Parietal
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analyze sensory input
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Occipital
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where visual analysis occurs
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Temporal
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hearing interpretation of audio input
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Cerebral Cortex
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layer of gray matter on the outside of the cerebrum
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White Matter
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made up of tracts of axons relaying information from one area of the brain to another
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Association fibers
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impulses travel between gyri within the same hemisphere
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Commissural fibers
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transmit impulses between gyri in different hemisphere
ex. Corpus Callosum: hemispheres can communicate |
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Fornix
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Tract: connecting limbic system to the hypothalamus
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Cerebrum
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largest portion of the human brain
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Frontal
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decisions, plan ahead, personality, motor commands
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Parietal
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analyze sensory input
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Occipital
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where visual analysis occurs
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Temporal
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hearing interpretation of audio input
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Cerebral Cortex
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layer of gray matter on the outside of the cerebrum
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White Matter
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made up of tracts of axons relaying information from one area of the brain to another
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Association fibers
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impulses travel between gyri within the same hemisphere
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Commissural fibers
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transmit impulses between gyri in different hemisphere
ex. Corpus Callosum: hemispheres can communicate |
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Projection fibers
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ascending and descending tracts that relay information to the cerebrum and other structures (i.e. brain stem & spinal cord)
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Basal nuclei
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1. Group of several nuclei within the cerebrum
2. Important for muscle tone and automatic responses 3. Receives sensory and motor input from cerebrum 4. Axons from the substantia nigra (brain stem)terminate in the caudate nucleus and release dopamine to inhibit motor activity (i.e. prohibit tremors) |
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Projection fibers
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ascending and descending tracts that relay information to the cerebrum and other structures (i.e. brain stem & spinal cord)
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Basal nuclei
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1. Group of several nuclei within the cerebrum
2. Important for muscle tone and automatic responses 3. Receives sensory and motor input from cerebrum 4. Axons from the substantia nigra (brain stem)terminate in the caudate nucleus and release dopamine to inhibit motor activity (i.e. prohibit tremors) |
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Central Sulcus
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Separates the frontal and parietal lobe
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Postcentral Gryus of Parietal Lobe
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Primary somatosensory area, recieves sensory input
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Primary somatosensory area pathways
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1st order (releases stimulus) to 2nd order (in spinal cord) to
3rd order(in thalamus) to Primary somatosensory area |
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Central Sulcus
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Separates the frontal and parietal lobe
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Postcentral Gryus of Parietal Lobe
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Primary somatosensory area, recieves sensory input
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Primary somatosensory area pathways
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1st order (releases stimulus) to 2nd order (in spinal cord) to
3rd order(in thalamus) to Primary somatosensory area |
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Sensory homunculus
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Map of where you can sense different things
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Association areas
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have neural circuits going to other lobes and structures
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Somatosensory Association Area
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compares incoming sensory stimuli with stored information that is similar to creat sensation (our own individual interpretation of it)
i.e. trying to remember |
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Visual Association Area
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Stores all writeen words, faces
-if damaged you can hear mom but don't remember her face |
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Auditory Association Area
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Stores words, music
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How does the brain interpret stimuli?
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Pathways are very specific
more receptors activated each neuron only carried one type of information frequency, the # of action potentials |
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Primary Motor Area
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located in precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe, generates all motor output
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Motor Pathway
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upper motor neuron to lower motor neuron (exits the spinal cord) to excites motor unit
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Basal Nuclei
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sends info about muscle tone (inportant for resting muscle length)
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Cerebellum
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Sends corrective movement (ex. thredding a needle)
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Premotor area
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initiates motor commands and relays to primary motor area
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Integrative centers (3)
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Receive input form many association areas. Wernicke's area, Prefrontal cortex, Brocca's area
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Wernicke's area
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Integrates auditory and visual stimuli; usually in the left hemisphere
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Wernicke's area, Damage
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Aphasia, can't comprehend their speech
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Prefrontal cortex
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recieves information from all association areas, both hemispheres, personality very important area
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Prefrontal cortex, Damage
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changes personality
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Brocca's area
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initiates motor commands for word pronunciation; usually in left hemisphere
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Brocca's area, damage
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studdering, labored and slow speech
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I. Olfactory Nerve
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Sensory. Smell
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II. Optic Nerve
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Sensory. Vision
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III. Occulomotor Nerve
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Motor. Up & Down movements
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IV. Trochlear Nerve
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Motor. Moves eye medially
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V. Trigeminal Nerve
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Mixed. Sensation of teeth (not chewing muscles)
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VI. Abducens Nerve
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Motor. Moves eye laterally
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VII. Facial Nerve
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Mixed. Sensation of face (not facial muscles)
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VIII. Vestibulocochlear Nerve
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Sensory. Hearing balance
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IX. Glossopharygeal Nerve
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Mixed. Taste, sensation of throat
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X. Vagus Nerve
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Mixed. Innervates Viscera
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XI. Spinal Accessory Nerve
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Motor. Shoulder shrugging movements of head and spinal neck
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XII. Hypoglossal Nerve
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Motor. Movements of tongue, chewing
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Autonomic Nervous System (general characteristics)
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involuntary, regulates smooth muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue and glands, 2 motor neurons
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All motor nuerons of the somatic nervous system release.... ??
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ACh, those of the ANS may release ACh or NE
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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1. Preganglionic nerurons exit the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord
2. Ganglia are near the spinal cord |
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Preganglionic nerurons exit the craniosacral region of the spinal cord
2. Ganglia are near the effector |
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Preganglionic Neurons of the Sympathetic Nervous System
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Cholinergic (ACh)
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Postganglionic Neurons of the Sympathetic Nervous System
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Cholinergic or adrenergic (secretes hormone Epinephrine)
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Preganglionic Neurons of the Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Cholinergic
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Postganglionic Neurons of the Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Cholinergic
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Exteroreceptors
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vision, hearing: make us aware of our external environment
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Interoreceptors
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pressires, temperature, pain: respond to internal stimuli
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Proprioceptors
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Body position (kinda like Interoreceptors but not)
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Mechanorecpetors
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Respone to a physical change, pressure receptors, hearing
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Thermoreceptors
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respond to temperature changes (warm/cold) receptors
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Nociceptors
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Respond to damaged tissue
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Photoreceptors
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responds to light
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Chemoreceptors
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Responds to chemicals, taste, smell
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Osmoreceptors
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respond to changes in osmolarity
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Meissner's coupsucles
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Hairless skin: palms, soles, lips. Free nerve endings encapsulated in CT
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Hair root plexus
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With hair, you can sense things. Free nerve endings wrapped around a hair follicle.
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Merkel's Discs
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Fingertips, hands, lips, genitalia. Important for fine touch. Found in emidermis.
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Ruffini Corpuscles
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Ligaments, tendons. Sensitive to stretching. Deep in dermis.
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Pacinian Corpuscles
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adapt quickly, widely distributed
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Thermoreceptors, detailed
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free nerve endings, wildely distributed, adapt rapidly but continue to send inpluses at a lower frequency
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Cold receptors can be found
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in the stratum basale in the epidermis
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Warm receptors are found
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in the dermis
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Extreme temperatures activate ...
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nociceptors
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Nonciceptors, detailed
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free nerve endings, widely distributed (not in brain), very little adaptation, activated by tissue damage, extreme temperatures , chemicals , ischemia
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Nociceptors, Fast Pain
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acture, sharp pain, immediate, fiber type A
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Nociceptors, Slow Pain
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intensity increases over seconds, minutes, throbbing pain, fiber type C
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Proprioceptors, detailed
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important for body position, equilibrium and balance, located in tendons, muscles and on hair cells, adapt slowly, relay info to the thalamus, cerebral cortex and cerebellum
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Olfactory receptors are what kind of of neurons?
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Bipolar
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Olfactory hairs are
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cilia that project from dendrites, highly adaptable
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Odorants
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bind to chemoreceptors on the olfactory hairs
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Olfactory pathway
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Odorant bind - olfactory nerve - olfactory tract - lateral olfactory area (temporal lobe)
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Taste buds
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Sense organ, found on tongue, soft palate, pharynx, epigottis
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Taste buds are located in
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taste pores
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Gustatory receptor cells
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have hairs the project into a taste pore
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Tastants
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bind to (taste) hairs which cause gustatory receptor cells to stimulate a 1st order sensory nureon
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Gustation, the axons of the sensory neurons make up portions of cranial nerves
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VII, IX, X
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Gustation, Pathway
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VII, IX, X - medulla - thalamus - gustatory area of the parietal lobe
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Five tastes
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Bitter, sweet, sour, salty, umame (meaty)
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Olfaction is important for the perception of taste. T or F
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True
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Cornea
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avascular transparent coat that is curved to focus light on the lens, does not change shape
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Lens
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a transparent structure that helps to focus images on the retina, very elastic
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Sclera
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covers the eyeball (exception: cornea); opaque connective tissue, the "white of the eye"
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Iris
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colored portion of the eye; muscle (2 layers) that extends between the cornea and the lens
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Circular Muscles
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contract when stimulated by the parasumpathetic nervous system, causing the pupil to constrict (in the light)
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Radial muscles
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contract when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system, causing the pupil to dilate (in the dark)
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Ciliary body
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a muscle that attaches to the lens via zonular fibers, controls curvature of the lens (holds lens in place)
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Anterior chamber
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fluid filled cavity positioned between the cornea and the iris
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Vitreous chamber
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fluid filled cavity behind the lens
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Choroid
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vascular portion that lines the sclera
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Retina
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lines the choroid; contains pigments to absorb light; contains photoreceptor cells
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Optic disc
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location where all axons of photoreceptors exit the eye; creates a "blind spot"
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Fovea centralis
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portion of the retina that contains the highest density of cones; area of greatest visual acuity (straight behind center of pupil)
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Conjunctive
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mucus membrane that lines the outside of the eye and also the inner surface of the eyelids
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light rays are ____ when passing through substance of different densities
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refracted
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both cornea and lens refract rays to focus images on the retina. T or F
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True
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the ____ is responsible for most of the refractione
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cornea
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the ____ is responsible for lesser amount of refraction, but is what allows from accommodation
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lent
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the lens is a ___ surface
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convex
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The curvature of the lens increases....
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when looking at something close
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Ciliary muscle contracts to...
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decrease tension on the sonular fibers (more of a round shape for lens)
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If the curvature of the lens decreases.....
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refraction decreases and you can see farther
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ciliary muscle relaxes....
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increases tense on the zonular fibers (more of a flat shape for lens)
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emmetropic eye
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can properly refract images 20 feet away from the retina (20/20)
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myopia
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near sightedness, the eye is too long, light rays are focused in front of the retina
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hypermetropia
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far sightedness, the eye is to short, images are focused beyond the retina
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astigmatism
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refraction of a ray of light is spread over a diffuse area rather than focused on the retina, due to difference in lens/cornea (deformities)
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presbyopia
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permanent loss of accommodation, objects near to the eye cannot be properly focused, mid forties
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rods
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important for night vision, low threshold to light
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cones
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important for color vision, high light threshold
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photopigments
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transmembrane protein on the outer segment that undergoes structural changes when it absorbs light
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opsin
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protein, four different types with a slightly different structure that allows for absorption of different wavelengths
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retinal
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light absorbing protein
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rods contrain this type of photopigment:
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rhodopsin
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when light strikes retinal it changes shape from ___-retinal to ___-retinal
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cis, trans
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auricle
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made up of cartilage; shaped to funnel sound waves into the external auditory canal
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external auditory canal
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passage way leading to the tympanic membrane
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tympanic membrane
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thin layer of connective tissue lined with epithelium; separates the outer ear from the middle ear
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ossicles
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three bones, the malleus, incus, and the stapes
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eustachian tube
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extends from the middle ear to the nasopharynx; equilibrates air pressure (ears pop)
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oval window
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positioned between the stapes and the inner ear (covered by stapes)
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round window
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connects the scala tympani to the eustachian tube (covered by a membrane)
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bony labyrinth
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series of canals within the temporal bone that contains a fluid called perilymph
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within canals is a membranous labyrinth
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(a tube) that contains a fluid called endolymph.
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semicircular canal
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superior portion of bony labyrinth, important for equilibrium
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vestibule
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central portion of bony labyrinth important for equilibrium
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cochlea
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anterior portion of bony labyrinth, important for hearing
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scala vestibuli
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upper channel of cochlea, filled with perilymph
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scala tympani
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lower channel of cochlea, filled with perilymph
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cochlear duct
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middle channel of cochlea, filled with endolymph
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vestibular membrane
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separates the cochlear duct from scala vestibuli
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basilar membrane
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separates cochlear duct from scala tympani
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organ of corti
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rests on basilar membrane, contains hair celss
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