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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What hominins are associated with mode 3 |
1. Neanderthals 2. Homo sapiens |
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What lithic style is found in central Africa |
Lupemban- sangoan - large bifacially knapped tools - mode 2 like but hafted 1. Lupemban 265-150kya - heavy duty core tools - more developed m, flake based bifacial lanceolate points 2. Sangoan 280-180kya - few or now handaxes, thick heavy duty core tools |
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What are lupemban tools an adaption to |
Found that these tools are found in areas that are within/ surround rainforests - rainforests likely would have been larger at that time - tools an adaption to that specific enviro |
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Twin rivers |
Zambia - 265,000 years old - early lupemban - among earliest convincing evidence of hafting in world - lupemban geometric backed blades - huge quantities of pigment showing colour selection 265-165 kya - mix of colours, some pieces carried in over longer distances - 3% show evidence of rubbing/ grinding - pigments could have been used as bonding agent for hafting, treat animal skins and as medicine- can’t assume what it was used for |
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Europe’s lithic industry |
Similar to African record - chronology 300-250 kya - handaxes become less frequent but persist - development from local tec - Neanderthal occupation of new enviro (highly seasonally and upland area) |
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What are the implication of mode 3 |
Arrived on 3 continents around same time 300-250kya after a long period of stasis in tool tec - no evidence of population replacements, diffusion of an idea or convergent tec evolution? - grafted tools are efficient and versatile, significant step up - hafting and combining debitage is a major innovative leap with implications for cognition |
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Neanderthal image problems |
1. First to be excavated in France was found to have a pathological condition - walked in hunched posture- was taken to be all Neanderthals at time (incorrect) - thought to have low intelligence until found that we have Neanderthal dna |
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What year was Neanderthal and human divergence according to dna evidence |
Around 550-750kya - further back than previously thought |
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What happened before 430kya |
Branch of Neanderthals living in asia diverged off as separate group - Denisovans |
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Who did Neanderthals evolve from |
Homo heidelbergensis between 359-250 kya - evolution tool form of shortening stature and development of more robust features - several transitional forms support this assertion |
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Homo neanderthalensis |
300-40,000 bp - across Europe and Near East - brain size 1172-1740cm3 - sexual dimorphism similar to modern humans - mode 3 - shorter in stature - heavier due to extra muscle mass |
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Neanderthal cranial features |
Humans - rounded skull - high forehead - distinct chin Neanderthals - receding chin - sloping short forehead - thicker brow ridge - extended brain case which has distinctive bun shape at back |
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Neanderthal range |
- extends further north than has previously been able to be occupied in Europe, particularly in Eastern Europe where you have more seasonal climates - first species to colonise middle latitude of western Eurasia up to 55 degrees north - has limited ability to cope with extreme cold - broke out into 2 separate breeding groups, western and eastern |
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Neanderthal innovation |
- show ability to adapt tec in dif places and through time - created mousterian tec - lots of scrapers - have specific tools for dif uses |
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Neanderthal raw material transport |
- move greater distances than before - don’t see much movement near coast in France, likely due to abundant resources - Central Europe, resources more spread out, see long distance movement of material - small amounts moving from 80km - greatest distance travelled 120km |
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Neanderthal diet |
- likely had higher energy requirements as a result of being more robust and having high activity levels |
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Give examples of the types of food eaten by Neanderthals |
1. Large herbivores - mammoth - rhino 2. Medium sized animals - horses - deer 3. Small animals - tortoise - turtle - rabbit 4. Molluscs, fish, bird - see engagement with birds and marine sources which hasn’t been seen before |
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Give 2 examples of Neanderthal hunting sites |
1. Lynford, Norfolk 2. La cotte de st brelade, jersey |
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Lynford Norfolk |
- large assemblage of bones and lithics - MNI 11 mammoths and other species - boggy enviro - no cutmarks in mammoth bones - mortality profile does not suggest natural or carnivore accumulation - trapping mammoths - driven into marsh - see selection of specific ages - well developed hunting techniques, in control |
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La cotte de st brelade, jersey |
- only rhino and mammoth (levels 3 and 6), no signs of occupation, few artefacts and cutmarks - separating and stacking dif bone elements - mainly prime ages females with young - substantial bone breakage - herd drivers off headland to death? Or trapped against cliff edge- reassessment conclude this is unlikely - more likely mammoths being chased across floor plain, up towards cliff and trapped at base of it |
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Isotopic evidence for Neanderthal diet |
- evidence used to show that they were top level carnivores and consumed a lot of meat in diet - last few years, mythological problems with this method have been used to challenge this interpretation - Neanderthals appears to eat what is there |
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Plant foods in Neanderthal diets |
Extracted from dental calculus 1. Legumes, grasses, wild peas and pistachio nuts - kebara cave 2. Phytoliths and starch grains suggest date palms and wild grass seeds cooked at shanidar and spy caves - Iraq and Belgium - mainly Mediterranean sites where plants are seen to be consumed |
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Medicine |
1. chemical analysis of Neanderthal teeth from el sidron cave, Spain 2. evidence of cooked food 3. evidence of oil from yarrow and camomile - bitter taste with no nutritional value - unlikely they’d be consumed for energy or taste - have medicinal properties - camomile, calming and milk pain killer, used for stomach pain, bites, stings, inflammation - yarrow - anti inflammatory, anti- septic, treat toothaches, fevers etc |
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DNA analysis on dental calculus |
- evidence of dif bacteria - evidence of disease pathogens - 222 species of bacteria - no unusually, less than what we have now - bacterial colonises change based on what we eat - confined Neanderthals age dif diets in dif parts of their range - had fewer microbial pathogens than modern humans - comparable to levels in modern chimps - Northen Neanderthals, meat based diets - Spanish Neanderthals. Very little evidence of meat - individual looked at in Spain had dental abscess in tooth and pathogen known to cause diarrhoea - evidence supports idea they used medicine - self medicating - bacteria for tooth decay- able to look at history, similar to ones found in humans today - able to help use to date divergence of this bacteria - Neanderthal and human divergence 550-750 kya - modern human divergence 112-143 kya - indicates microbial transfer between modern humans and Neanderthals I.e. through kissing, indicate transfer of saliva |
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Give 3 sites where cannibalism took place |
1. Atapuerca, gran dolina 2. Moula-guercy, France 3. Krapina cave |
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Krapina cave |
- post-mortem processing of corpses with stone tools - cutmarks round - huge amount of data for secondary processes of carcass’s - bodies moving around site - why are some being eaten and some being buried |
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Goyet cave |
- cannibal site - 99 Neanderthal bones from 5 individuals (4 adults, 1 child) - 3rd is bones bear cutmarks - lower limbs defleshed - upper limbs disarticulated - ribs dismembered - thoracic muscles removed - marrow extracted from long bones (femur, tibia especially) - possibly chewed phalanges - teeth marks - some femurs used as retouchers |
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Arm bones in Neanderthals |
Pattern of asymmetry - right significantly stronger, more dominant - appear very much like modern tennis players and cricket players meaning they must be doing rigorous physical activity - adaptation to grip hard with big muscle attachments |
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What type of activities might Neanderthals have bone to develop these hand/ arm adaptions |
1. Regular close range hunting with underhand thrusting spears (unlikely) 2. Flint knapping- but why not other hominins? 3. Scraping hides 4. Carrying heavy weights |
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Neanderthal mobility |
1. Lower limbs adapted to extended bouts of intense physical activity compared to modern humans 2. Studies of mid-shaft tibial ridigity show even more intense activities than modern swimmers, modern athletes and late Stone Age African hunters who had hunting ranges of 2000-3000 square miles - activity is either over long period, intense activity or staring at young age while they’re growing |
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Neanderthal teeth |
- used as tools - shows through stone tool cutmarks on teeth - elevated mechanical stress in facial skeleton and anterior teeth - tooth wear similar to Inuit and Eskimo hunter and gathered - observed on sima de los huesos teeth |
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Patterns of trauma |
- a lot seen - most similar to rodeo injuries - head and neck injuries common - close quarters hunting injures - appear to be killing at close quarters |
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Mortality patterns |
1. Dif to humans - 80% mortality by 40 years - for Homo sapiens you see peak for neonates, Then drop, lowest at adolescence, increase through adulthood, peak at old age - Neanderthals; peak in young adulthood, not many surviving till old age, steady increase from neonates to adolescence - linked to injuries 2. Evidence of developmental stress - interruptions to growth - period of starvation more common during developmental period - could be due to illness - could be starvation - linear enamel hypoplasia - show Neanderthal life was hard, don’t see evidence of them thriving |
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