The Moving Animal

Front 1

Modes of selection
1) stabilizing selection
2) directional selection
3) diversifying selection

Back 1

1) trait becomes more common, genetic diversity decreases
2) trait is becoming favored, allele frequency is shifting in one direction
3) an extreme characteristic occurs, seperates a population into 2 species

Front 2

Patterns of speciation
1) anogenesis
2) cladogensis

Back 2

1) linear transformation into new species
2) spliting of a species into 2 species

Front 3

Speciation
1) Allopatric
2)sympatric
3)parapatric
4)peripatric

Back 3

1) barrier forms
2)genetic polymorphism (many types of alles) in same location
3) new niche entered but no barrier forms
4) new niche entered and barrier forms

Front 4

Adaptive radiation
1) extinction
2) colonization
3) innovation

Back 4

1) removal of a population
2) new niche entered
3) new trait adapted

Front 5

why have animals become domesticated?

Back 5

1) food/clothing
2) transport/ labour
3) companionship/leisure
4)status/currency

Front 6

what predisposes animals to domestication?

Back 6

1) short flight distance
2)limited agility
3)live in groups
4)adaptive to environments
5)trainable
6)sociable
7)often mate
8) precocious young
9) good parents

Front 7

what are the types of hierachy

Back 7

1)linear
2)bidirectional
3)traingular
4)complex

Front 8

What is a sarcomere?

Back 8

Basic unit of a muscle
it is the part between the 2 Z disks

Front 9

How do you work out work and power of a muscle?

Back 9

Work= forcexchange in distance
power= change in work/change in time

Front 10

1)Parrallel fibers do more...
2) penate fibers do more....

Back 10

1) work
2)force

Front 11

What is the composition of bone?

Back 11

65% mineral (hydroxyapetite)
30% organic material (collagen type 1)
osteoblasts
osteoclasts
osteocyts
osteons- functional unit

Front 12

types of bone:
1) lamellar
2) woven

Back 12

1) regularly arranged, strong and forms slowly
2) irregularly arranges, weak, quick growing, forms after a fracture

Front 13

1) periosteum
2) endosteum

Back 13

1)outside of bone, 2 layers, osteogenic, site of nerves and blood supply
2) inside of bone, 1 layer, osteogenic and osteolytic

Front 14

What is the composition of a synovial joint?

Back 14

articular cartilage- pretective and lubracative
synovial fluid- proveds nutrients, protective and lubracative
menisci- protection

Front 15

What are the 7 types of synovial joints?

Back 15

1) Planar
2) Pivot
3) Hinge
4) Condylar
5) Ellipsoidal
6) Saddle
7) Ball and socket

Front 16

What loads do bone resist?

Back 16

compression
shear
tension
bendin
torsion

Front 17

How do bones resist loads?

Back 17

hydroxapetite-provides stiffness
collagen- provides toughness
arrangement of osteons deflects cracks

Front 18

what loads do cartilage resist?

Back 18

shear
compression
tension

Front 19

how does cartilage resist loads?

Back 19

synovial capsule- under load fluid squeezed out
glycosaminoglycans- provide lubrication and resist compression
superficial, transitional and deep zone

Front 20

how do you work out stress and strain?

Back 20

Stress=force/area
strain=(L-Lo)/Lo

Front 21

How is a long bone formed?

Back 21

1) perichondrium lays down bone on cartilage model at diaphysis
2) cavitation of cartilage model occurs at primary ossification centers. allowing blood vessels to enter
cartilage is then replaced by bone (proliferation, hyertrophy, calcification)

Front 22

what hormonal and nutritional factors affect bone?
1)calcitonin and parathroid hormone
2)insulin, growth horomone, thyroxine
3)oestrogen

Back 22

absobtion of calcium and phophate depnds on calitriol hormone which is only present in the presence of vitamin D.
1) regulate calcium metabolism
2)bone growth
3)growth plate closure and osteoblast activity

Front 23

What are the events at a neuromuscular junction?

Back 23

1) action potential propogates down axon
2)depolarisation of pre-synaptic mebrane causes voltage gated calcium channels to open-calcium then diffuse into presynaptic cleft
3)synaptic vessicle move and fuse with presynaptic mebrane releasing ACH into synaptic cleft
4) ACH binds with receptors on post synaptic membrane
5) ligand gated channels open Na ions move into muscle cell causing depolarisation of the motor end plate (End plate potential)
6)action potential propogates

Front 24

What is excitation-contraction coupling?

Back 24

1)action potential propogates into T-tubule system
2)depolarisation of T-tubule causes Ca channels to open between SR and myoplasm
3)Ca releases from SR
4)Ca then binds to troponin C

Front 25

Whats the composition of a muscle fiber?
1)thick filament
2)thin filament

Back 25

1)mysoin with 2 heads and a tail
2) 2 chains of actin molecules containg proteins- troponin and tropomyosin.
troponins bound to tropomysoin and actin

Front 26

types of contraction
1)isometric
2)eccentric
3)concentric

Back 26

1) no length change
2) increase in muscle fiber length
3)decrease in muscle fiber length

Front 27

What are the events of a muscle contraction?

Back 27

1)Ca binds to troponin
2)ca acts on tropomysoin exposing binding site
3)mysoin heads bind to actin releasing ADP
4)a power stroke occurs
5)myosin and ATP bind releasing mysoin head

Front 28

What are the muscle fiber types?
1)type 1
2)type ll a
3)type ll b

Back 28

1) slow, aerobic, lasts long
2)fast, long term aerobic, lasts moderately long
3) very fast, anaerobic, lasts short time