The Mongols

Front 1

Main Qualities of Chinghis

Back 1

· Sometimes described as a beast/barbarian

· It is believed that he was someone of impressive physical proportions

· He had meritocratic ideals.

· He placed people in charge of power if they did the job well

For example, Jebe one of his descendants (who once injured Khan), was placed in control of a specific state and lead many battles

Front 2

Modern-pop culture portrayal

Back 2

· Inaccurate, possibly over-exaggerated or under-exaggerated portrayal

Formulates misconceptions about Genghis khan and the Mongols

E.g. Movies, songs, TV shows

Front 3

The Yasa and what did it allow for?

Back 3

A list of rules and traditions needed to be abided by for the Mongolempire and the people of the Mongol empire (codes and ethics)

Many sources(reliability)

Allowed ability to trade among Mongol nations, safety, easy travel

Front 4

Reasons for Conquest

Back 4

Build the society(resources, labour/military workers)

Conquer Land

Retribution

Loot/wealth

Best option as they were nomadic

Front 5

Leadership of Mongols in campaigns

Back 5

· Structured

· Organised

· Tactical (e.g. feigned withdrawal)

· Adaptive (siege engineers and weaponry)

· Diplomacy used prior to war (Khwarezmia)

Front 6

Strengths of Mongols in conquest

Back 6

Effectively ride and use horses

Fast

Mobile

Tactical and strategic

Well Trained

Deception and intelligence

Front 7

Weaknesses of Mongols in conquest

Back 7

Internal disagreement and conflict

Very reliant on horses

No supply chain(dependent on environment)

Front 8

Example of Mongol Diplomacy

Back 8

Genghis wanted to be diplomatic by his desire to make peace and treatise with Shah Muhammad.

(Mongol Conquest of Khwarezmia)

Front 9

Change of military throughout conquests

Back 9

· Experience

· Became cohesive

· Advanced their strategies and tactics

Front 10

Pax Mongolica

Back 10

Period of time where peace, stability, economic growth, cultural fusion and cultural development occurred in Mongol territories

o Unification of Silk road

o Enabled a widespread global communication with the different nations ruled by the Mongols (Asia and Europe)

Front 11

The people the Mongols conquered

Back 11

· Some people became useful (e.g labourers, soldiers, scholars/intellectuals)

· Made use of scholars to run the towns they conquered well and improve their widespread significance

· Many extorted of their money

· Sometimes people surrendered

Front 12

Cites completely destroyed

Back 12

o Kiev

o Baghdad

o Nishapur

o Vladimir

o Samarkand

Front 13

Impacts on those they conquered

Back 13

· Became feared

· Killed numerous

· Extorted all wealth from many

Front 14

Positive short-term impacts of conquest(2)

Back 14

· Not everyone was killed if they surrendered

· Mongols gained Foodand belongings

Front 15

Positive long-term impacts of conquest(5)

Back 15

· More area for the Mongol’s to expand into

· Build army on the land

· Spread their influence and traditions

· Unified trade routes

· Use resources and people to grow military

Front 16

Negative short-term impacts of conquest(2)

Back 16

· If people did not accept the Mongol conquering they would be killed

· Number of deaths in Mongolians due to starvation, conflict and disease

Front 17

Negative long-term impacts of conquest(1)

Back 17

· Have to take care of conquered land and the people living on it

Front 18

Possible causes of Mongol downfall

Back 18

· Lack of political organisation and stability without Chinghis

· Too many people to control- lost land

· Separation into 4 states began eventual downfall

· Battle with Timur

· Plague/disease

· Drought

· Toluid Civil war

· Traditionalism vs Modernisation

Front 19

What is Historical Revisionism?

Back 19

· Critical reinterpretation of existing theories and views on historical events.

· Based on availability of evidence, different perspective, new societal views, new generation

Front 20

Mongol portrayal over time

Back 20

· In the years just after they had fallen,they were portrayed as powerful, scary, and feared

· 18th Century “anti-asian”ideals were vastly spread

1750: described as “animal-like” and “beasts”

· Social-Darwinist ideas: division of races in Europe

· Late 19th Century: Asian academics viewed history of Genghis khan and they saw a powerful Asian leader to be proud of (often exaggerated)

· In the 20th century, Russia and China were completely against Mongols

Front 21

Why did Russia and China oppose Mongols in the 20th century?(3)

Back 21

· Communism vs Imperialism

· Historical resentment

· Many Russians and Chinese killed byMongols

Front 22

Jack Weatherford's key ideas

Back 22

· Writes positively about Mongols

· Suggests that there were considerablebenefits from the Mongol rule- outweighing the negatives significantly.

· Ignored Mongols killed so many innocent

· Spreadof paper and printing, the compass and gunpowder were enabled by Mongols

Front 23

Why was Mongol empire essential for renaissance according to Weatherford?(4)

Back 23

· Displayed unprecedented levels of religious tolerance

· Advocated for peace and prosperity- allowed trade- crucial for renaissance

· Meritocratic values were ground-breaking

· Importance of rules and laws