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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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population genetics
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study of processes that change gene frequencies in pop over time
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genotypic frequency
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fraction of individuals in pop with particular genotype
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gene frequency
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fraction of genes at genetic locus that are a particular allele
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hardy-weinberg equilibrium
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relationship btwn allele freqs, genotypic freqs under conditions
1) mating is random w/ respect to genotype at locus of interest 2) allele freqs aren't changing (no evolution) |
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modern synthesis
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explanation for evolution of continuously varying traits (combines medelian genetics, darwinism)
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environmental variation
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phenotypic diffs btwn individuals that exist b/c those inds developed in diff environments
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mate guarding
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male defends his mate after copulation to prevent other males from mating with her
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canalized
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traits that don't change with environmental changes during development
(similar phenos in wide range of environs) |
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plastic
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traits sensitive to environmental conditions during development
(diff phenos in diff environments) |
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correlated response
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evolutionary change in 1 character caused by selection on another
+ or - |
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pleiotropic effects
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phenotypic effects created by genes that influence multiple characters
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maladaptive
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detrimental to fitness
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sampling variation
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variation in composition of small samples drawn from large pop
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genetic drift
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random change in gene freqs due to sampling variation
-more rapid in small pops |
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fixation
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state that occurs when all individs in pop are homozygous for same allele @ particular locus
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lactation
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production of milk by mammary glands in females
-period when this happens for nursing offspring mammals!! |
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life cycle of sexually reproducing organism...3 m's
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1. adults (diploid)
MEIOSIS 2. gametes (haploid) MATING 3. zygotes (diploid) MATURATION 4. adults (diploid) |
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meiosis followed by random mating always...
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produces pop u h-w equilibrium
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pop is in h-w equilibrium when...
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observed genotype freqs are same as genotype freqs expected from formula!
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heterozygote advantage
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if Aa individs survive @ higher rate than AA's, frequency of a could stay above 0 despite deaths of aa people
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selection most powerful at level of the...
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gene
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5 forces of evolution
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1. natural selection
2. mutation 3. genetic drift 4. gene flow (migration) 5. artificial selection |
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gene flow
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migration from 1 pop to another
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modern synthesis explains (3)
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continuous variation
how variation is maintained selection can move species outside of original range of variation |
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how we see continuous variation
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genes= discrete but pheno variation produced is continuous (polygenic)
affected by environment! -blending the phenos |
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hidden variation
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individuals can carry alleles for traits w/o actually expressing them in their phenotype
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