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232 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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During the Middle Ages, what replaced Latin as the language of the Roman/Byzantine Empire? |
Greek |
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What did Theodora convince Justinian to do, which made possible all of his later achievements? |
She got Justinian to risk his life staying and suppressing rebellion during the Nika riots |
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What did the people in the Byzantine empire call themselves? |
Romans |
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The Byzantine Empire defended against what Persian dynasty? |
Sassanian |
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During the Byzantine empire, what was the name of the body of civil law that was used to codify Roman law? |
Corpus Juris Civilis |
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Who did the historian Procopius publicly praise but secretly call tyrants and demon-worshippers? |
Justinian and Theodora |
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According to Muslims, who is the Final Prophet? |
Muhammad |
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What are the 5 pillars of Islam? |
1. Profession of God 2. Daily Prayers 3. Almsgiving 4. Fasting during the month of Ramadan 5. Hajj - Pilgrimage to Mecca |
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What does the word "Quran" translate literally to in English? |
"Translate" |
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What is the "Hegira"? |
Muhammad's first trip to Medina |
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What is the first year of the Muslim calendar called? |
Hegira |
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Who was the first person to unite Arabia? |
Muhammad
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What is the main difference between Sunnites and Shiites? |
-Shiites want the caliph to be a descendant of Muhammad -Sunnites want the caliph to be descended from one of the past caliphs appointed after Muhammad |
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How did Ali and his son Hussein die? |
In the civil wars between Sunnites and Shiites |
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What people brought the capital from Mecca to Damascus? |
Umayyads |
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Why didn't the Umayyads encourage mass conversions to Islam? |
Due to heavy taxes on non-Muslims |
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Who did the Abbasids overthrow? |
The Umayyads |
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Where did the Abbasids move the capital of the empire to? |
Baghdad by the Tigris |
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A Umayyad muslim escapred and set up a rival caiphate where? |
Spain - Cordoba |
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Where was the 3rd caliphate created, and who were they? |
N. Africa The Fatimids |
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Who were the Fatimids overthrown by? |
Mongols |
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What consequence did the division of the Muslims have for the Byzantine empire? |
The Byzantines were saved - nearly destroyed by Arab invaders |
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What special defensive weapon helped Constantinople survive many attacks? |
Greek fire |
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Who conquered Anatolia and the Balkans in the 9th century after constantly being on the defensive? |
Byzantium |
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Where were the Germanic Kingdoms founded? |
In Gaul + Britain |
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Who overthrew the Visigoths in Spain? |
N. African Muslims |
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Who was the king to united all of the Franks under one ruler? |
King Clovis |
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Under the late Merovingians, what happened that allowed skilled nobles to arrive? |
There was a lot of fighting after the willed land after fathers died. This competition led to nobles becoming skilled in fighting |
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What dynasty followed the Merovingians? |
Carolingians |
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Who fought at the Battle of Tours? Who won? |
Carolingians vs. Muslim Raiders
& Carolingians won |
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Who was the first carolingian king? |
Pepin the Short |
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Who was Pepin the Short king of? |
Carolingians |
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What king received legitimacy of his power from the pope, and in turn gave territory captured from the Lombards to the papacy, founding papal states? |
Pepin the Short |
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Who was Pepin's son? |
Charlemagne |
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Which Roman Emperor, when crowned by the pope, was surprised and annoyed? & Why was he annoyed? |
Charlemagne & Because that implied that his authority CAME from the pope |
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Which Roman Emperor inherited a large amount of land from his father, and is credited with supressing an uprising in Italy? |
Charlemagne |
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Did Charlemagne take good care of his kingdom? If so, how? |
Yes -Founded schools -Created international center of learning |
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Who ruled during the Carolingian renaissance? |
Charlemagne |
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What language did Charlemagne encourage everyone to speak so that everyone could communicate? |
Latin |
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The Treaty of Verdun did what to the Carolingian Kingdom? |
Divided it among Louis the Pious' 3 sons |
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What borders did the Treaty of Mersen establish? |
Borders of France and Germany |
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Charles the Bald, Louis the German, and Lothair were whose sons? |
Louis the Pious |
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What concessions did the Celtic church make at the Synod of Whitby? |
To accept the ritual practices and calculation of Easter given by the Latin church |
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The northumbrian Monk, venerable Bede wrote what high quality book? |
History of the English Church and People |
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Who did the German Ruler Oto the Great defeat at "the battle of Lechfield"? |
The Magyars |
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Who does the Holy Roman Church consider to be the first pope? |
St. Peter |
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Who convinced Attila not to attack? |
Pope Leo |
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Which pope used papal estates to feed the poor of Rome, and is known for writing theological works? (dialogues) |
Gregory the Great |
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What centuries did the Vikings invade Europe during? |
9th and 10th centuries |
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Where did the Vikings, Saracens, and Magyars initially settle? |
Ireland, Normandy, England |
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What controversy caused a schism between the Greek and Latin Churches? |
Filioque Controversy |
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What two things made Benedictine monasticism and worship popular? |
1. Ideal balance of work, study, and prayer 2. Did not promote physical pain |
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What were the names of the 2 Peace Movements |
Peace of God & Truce of God |
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What did the Peace of God and Truce of God decree, respectively?
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Peace of God - protected non-combatants Truce of God - no fighting on Sundays and major holidays |
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What was the demesne and who was it reserved for? |
The best part of the manor, reserved for the lord |
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What two things did the Lord charge people to use on his Manor? |
Water/wind mills & Communal ovens |
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Who were the 3 classes of people in medieval society? |
Warriors Religious/Men of Prayer Workers Merchants |
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What class of Medieval society was created with the rise of trade? |
Merchants |
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What groups of people were the early forms of corporations, and would band together to protect each other? |
Merchant Guilds |
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What would rulers and towns due to attract merchants of a region? |
Hold Fairs |
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What were the most famous fairs? |
Fairs of Cherlemagne in France |
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Who dominated maritime trade in the Mediterranean in the 12th century? |
Italian cities |
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What was the name of the trading alliance between european trading cities from the 12th-16th centuries? |
Hanseatic League |
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Where in Europe were the Cluniacs located? |
Eastern France |
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Where did Church reform begin in the Middle Ages? |
Cluny - Eastern France |
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When the church began to reform in the middle ages, what did they begin to do more strictly? |
Follow Benedictine Rule |
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Why was Papacy reform attempted in the Middle Ages? |
Nobles were using the papacy for politics |
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What did Pope John XII do that was looked down upon in the Middle Ages and led to Papacy reform? |
Crowned Otto I the Roman Emperor (seen as abusing his power and using the papacy for politics) |
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Who was the man appointed Pope Sylvester II and expected to reform the papacy in the middle ages? |
Gerbert of Aurillac |
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Why was Pope Sylvester not trusted with reform of the Papacy? |
Because he was French |
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What was created by reformers as a new way to elect the pope in the middle ages?
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College of Cardinals |
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Who was the first Pope elected by the College of Cardinals? |
Gregory VII |
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What were the 3 Gregorian Reforms? |
1. Clerical Celibacy 2. Ending the sale of Church offices 3. End lay interference |
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What rule did the "canons regular" follow, and what was the other thing that they recommend priests do? |
Followed the rule of St. Augustine Recommended that priests live together |
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Who was the Emperor who stood in the snow for 3 days seeking absolution from Pope Gregory? |
Emperor Henry |
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What was the solution in 1122 AD to the Investiture Controversy? |
Concordat of Worms
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What was decided at the Concordat of Worms in 1122 AD? |
Churchmen give bishops spiritual authority
& The Emperor gives bishops political authority |
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When was power centralized in England & France, Spain, and Germany & Italy, respectively? |
England & France - 11th century Spain - 15th century Germany & Italy - 19th century |
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Who did Frederick I Barbarossa lead? What did they try to do, and what was the result? |
Led the Hohenstaufens (Northern Italians) Tried to take the southern Alps Defeated by the Lombard League |
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What caused the Great Interregnum? |
When Emperor of the Hohenstaufens (Frederick II) died, his son was only an infant
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Who did the Guelfs support? Who did the Ghibellines support? |
Guelfs - supported the Pope Ghibellines - supported the emperor |
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Who was the emperor that tried to take the Swiss lands? |
Rudolf I Hapsburg of Austria |
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What was the reaction to Rudolf I in Switzerland? |
The cantons banded together for defense |
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What was the Golden Bull? How did it work? |
Electoral college in Luxembourg Majority (of 7) archbishops needed to choose the new emperor |
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Who united the Seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, and resisted the Danish Vikings? |
Wessex, led by Alfred the Great |
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Who was the shire-reeve? |
(Sheriff) - he was the shire's connection to the centralized monarchy |
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What were two characteristics of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom in the late 9th century? |
1. Advanced taxation 2. Balanced Government |
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What happened to control of England during the 11th century? |
England was under control of Danes & Normans |
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What 2 systems did the Normans combine in England to create a powerful, centrally organized government? |
Shire system + Norman feudal system |
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What was the "Domesday book" and what was its significance? |
It inventoried all property for taxation purposes in England under Norman rule |
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Who was a vassal of the French King despite having much more power? What Empire was he from? |
Henry of the Angevin Empire |
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Who was opposed by the Archbishop of Canterbury, tried to do away with the church courts, and promoted common law during 12th century England? |
Henry II |
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What did Henry use to create a large empire (Angevin Empire)? |
Marriage + Dynastic ties |
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What century was Henry king of the Angevin Empire? |
12th century AD |
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Why was the Magna Carta originally created? |
To protect English barons from royal attempts to expand the monarchy (via raising taxes, illegal imprisonment, etc.) |
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Who comprised English parliament at first? |
Representatives/Landowners from English towns |
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What century was the English parliament split up? |
14th century |
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What was English parliament split up into? |
1. House of Commons 2. House of Lords |
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Carolingians rules France until when? |
Late 10th century AD (987 AD) |
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Who was the first person to rule France after the Carolingians? |
Hugh Capet - Capetian Dynasty |
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What Capetian King seized many lands, including Normandy, challenged the Angevins, and threatened to invade England (but was forbidden by Pope Innocent III)? |
Philip Augustus (Philip II) |
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Who was St. Louis and what did he do? |
Louis IX - King of France during 13th Century AD Strengthened the royal bureaucracy and authority |
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King Philip IV the Fair remained popular despite which conflicts?
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1. His henchmen killing Pope Boniface VIII 2. Destroying the Knight's templar 3. Expelling the Jews from France 4. Reinterpreting feudal law |
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The hundred years' war was between whom? |
France and England |
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What claim sparked the hundred years' war? |
England's claim that Edward III was entitled to the French crown |
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Where was the first battle of the hundred years' war and who won it? |
Battle of Crecy French won - longbowmen beat English cavalry |
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Where was the second battle of the hundred years' war and who won it? |
Battle of Poitiers England won - captured Valois French King, John II |
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What did the Peace of Bretigny establish? |
France gave the province of Aquitane to England |
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What happened to the hundred years' war in 1389? |
A truce |
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Where was the first battle of the hundred years' war after the truce? What was the result? |
Battle of Agincourt (France) England victorious |
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Who did the Duke of Burgundy and Philip the good aid at the Battle of Agincourt?
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England
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Who convinced King Charles to fight back against England after the loss at the battle of Agincourt? |
Joan of Arc |
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Who won the hundred years' war? What was the result? |
France won England retained only Calais |
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What was the period called when christians attempted to recapture spain from the spanish Muslims? |
The Reconquista |
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What part of Spain had hardly any Muslim inhabitants during the 7th century AD? |
in the North - Asturias |
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What country declared its independence from Spain and was recognized by the Pope in the late 12th Century AD? |
Portugal |
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Why did Spain not have a centralized monarchy? |
It was too fragmented |
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Who began converting Czechs and Slovaks to christianity? And when? |
Byzantine Monks 9th Century AD |
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What did unification with Poland in the 14th century motivate pagan Lithuanians to do? |
Convert to Catholicism |
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What event caused eastern Europe to begin keeping written records? |
The arrival of Christian missionaries |
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What was the name of the military religious order during the crusades? |
Teutonic Knights |
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Who did the teutonic knights convert? |
Pagans |
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Who founded the "Rus"/Varangians colonies in Eastern Europe in the 9th century? |
Vikings |
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What territories did Rurik rule? |
Novgorod, and Kievan Rus in Kiev |
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Who ruled in Russia during the 13th century, and halted the eastward expansion of the Teutonic Knights? |
Alexander Nevsky |
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What group seized Russia in 1237? |
Mongols |
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What was the political entity that the Mongols formed after capturing Russia in 1237? |
The Golden Horde |
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Who overthrew the Mongols in Russia in the 15th century? |
Ivan III The Great
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What was the result of the investiture controversy on the papacy? |
The papacy gained prestige |
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What did Pope Urban II do to begin the first crusade? |
Gave a speech at the Council of Clermont |
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What year did the first Crusade begin? |
1096 AD |
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Why did the Frankish nobles succeed during the first crusade? |
Muslims were divided |
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What were the "outremers"? |
The 4 Crusader states established after the first crusade |
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Who won the second crusade? |
The muslims |
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What two figures led the second crusade? |
Holy Roman Emperor Conrad III French King Louis VII |
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What event sparked the second crusade? |
Muslims overthrew County of Edessa |
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What event sparked the third crusade? |
Prince of Egypt, Saladin, captured Jerusalem |
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What 3 figures led the third crusade against the Muslims? |
Richard I Lion Hearted - England Philip II Augustus - France Frederick I Barbarossa - Holy Roman Empire |
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Who won the third crusade? |
Muslims |
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What two leaders could not cooperate during the third crusade? |
Philip II Augustus & Richard I Lion Hearted |
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What leader died on the way to the third crusade? |
Frederick I Barbarossa - Holy Roman Emperor |
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What was the result of the fourth crusade? |
Crusaders sacked Constantinople, but never reached Muslim Lands |
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Sum up the 5th, 6th, and 7th crusades, including: who led them, where they went, and the results. |
5th: Frederick diplomatically negotiated access to Jerusalem with Egyptians 6th: St. Louis IX of France took an Egyptian coastal city (then surrendered) 7th: St. Louis IX tried to conquer Tunisia and failed (and died) |
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What was the last outpost of the crusader states? |
City of Aere |
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What did the crusaders refocus to after losing the crusades? |
1. reconquest of Spain 2. Suppression of Albigensian Crusade (heretics in S. France) 3. Conquest of Baltic pagans |
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What did the Templars do and how did they end? |
They amassed wealth with an innovative banking system Suppressed by French King Philip IV who also stole/confiscated their money |
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What did the Hospitallers do? |
Provided services for pilgrims |
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What were the Cluniacs known as after reforming? What was the main change? |
Cistercians: became stricter on Benedictine Rule
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Where was the massacre of the Albigensian cruse, and who declared it? |
Massacre was at Beziers (in south France) Declared by Pope Innocent III (to eliminate Catharism) |
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The dominican order was created following what event? |
The Albigensian Crusade/Massacre at Beziers |
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Who would not allow Philip II Augustus to divorce his wife and invade England? |
Pope Innocent III |
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Who did Pope Innocent III excommunicate for resisting an archbishop choice? |
King John |
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What did Pope Innocent III create in order to define the requirements of membership in the Roman Catholic Church? |
Fourth Lateran Council - 400 bishops, 800 monastic leaders |
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What did the Fourth Lateran Council determine that the requirements of membership into the Roman Catholic Church were? |
Receiving the Eucharist once per year Accepting transubstantiation |
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Who created the Mendicant Orders? |
Pope Innocent |
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What were the 2 Mendicant orders? |
Franciscans (St. Francis) & Dominicans (St. Dominic Guzman) |
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After Pope Innocent, what direction did the papacy head in? |
Decline; Kings began resisting the papacy |
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During a dispute with France's King Philip IV, what happened to Pope Boniface VIII? |
He was taken prisoner and died after escaping |
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Where did Pope Clement V move the papal residence to? Where was it before that? |
To Avignon on the Rhone River (from Rome) |
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During what century was there a 70-year stretch of French Popes? |
14th century / 1300s (1309-1377) |
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What period of the papacy was synonymous with the Babylonian Captivity?
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Avignon Papacy |
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What controversial period resulted in three popes? |
The Great Schism |
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During the Great Schism, where were the two popes? |
France and Italy |
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Who did the Council of Constance elect as the third - TRUE - Pope? |
Martin V |
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What did the council of Constance decide about the ultimate authority? |
It resides in all believers, and not in the papacy |
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What event resulted in the loss of the papacy's political influence outside of Italy? |
Council of Constance |
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Who was the Czech reformer who was burned at the stake and sparked wars? Who were the wars between? |
Huss Wars between Hussites and the Church |
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Who was Huss influenced by? |
Wycliffe |
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What did Wycliffe emphasize over councils? What did he reject? |
Emphasized the bible over councils
Rejected transubstantiation |
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Which council was convened in order to reform the church? |
Council of Basel |
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Which council was convened in an attempt to end the schism? |
Council of Florence (begun in Ferrara but moved to avoid plague) |
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The conquering of which city coincided with the end of the conciliar movement? Who conquered this city?
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Constantinople - by the Ottoman Turks |
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What was the primary reason for studying ancient Greek and Roman classics in the middle ages? |
To benefit Christian society |
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What were the two branches of "liberal arts" in the middle ages? |
Trivium & Quadrivium |
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Was it the trivium or quadrivium which was considered the "linguistic" liberal arts? |
Trivium |
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Which branch of the liberal arts was considered pre-requisite for advanced math? |
Trivium |
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Which branch of the liberal arts contained music? |
Quadrivium |
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Which was the most prominent liberal art study in the early middle ages? |
Logic |
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Who is credited with the Neoplatonic text (Consolation of Philosophy", as well as translating Aristotle's "Organon"? |
Boethis |
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Who preserved ancient greek classics in Spain and Sicily? |
Muslims |
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Who went to Spain and Sicily to acquire and learn the ancient texts in the 12th century? (using Jews as interpreters) |
Christian Scholars |
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Which ancient philosopher was most respected until the 12th century? |
Plato |
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Which ancient philosopher became most respected after the 13th century, and was known as "the philosopher"? |
Aristotle
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What is a big distinction between the writings of Plato and Aristotle? |
Plato wrote on specific topics, while Aristotle wrote on comprehensive topics |
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Who are Alfarabi, Avicenne, and Averroes? |
Muslim scholars who influenced european philosophy |
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Where did the secular clergy get educated during the 12th century? |
Cathedral Schools |
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What institutions started as guilds, did not have fixed locations at first, and first appeared in Bologna and Paris? |
Universities |
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What were created as places for students to live while studying? |
Colleges |
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What were the "advanced arts"? |
Law Medicine Theology |
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What were known as "Civil Law" and "Canon Law"? |
Civil Law = Roman Law Canon Law = Church Law |
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What was Canon Law dictated by? |
Decrees of the Church & "Decretum" of Gratian |
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"Sentences" of Peter Lombard were used as the main basis for studying what? |
Theology |
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The works of Galen were used as the main material for studying what? |
Medicine |
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What were the two most lucrative careers to study? |
Law and Medicine (not Theology) |
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What teacher of logic/theology was condemned and castrated without trial before becoming a monk? |
Peter Abelard |
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What did Peter Abelard use logic to resolve? |
Contradictions in scripture and between Church Fathers |
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What is considered the "handmaiden" of theology during the middle ages? |
Philosophy |
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Who used the ideas of "substances" and "accidents" to explain transubstantiation, as well as reconciling faith and reason? |
St. Thomas Aquinas |
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What is the school of thought that universals and abstractions do not exist? |
Nominalism |
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What does Ockham's razor state? |
That any entity's existence requires a logical explanation for how it came to be |
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What was nominalism used against? |
Scholastic systems of theology, but NOT against Christian doctrines |
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What did John of Salisbury liken medieval society to? |
A human body |
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Marsilius wrote "Defender of the Peace", opposing papal claims to power. In it, he states that political authority comes from where? |
The people |
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Who is credited with the formula for gunpowder? |
Roger bacon |
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What optical invention was brought to Europe in the 13th century? |
Lenses for vision |
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What kind of clocks were brought to Europe in the 10th century? 14th century? |
Pendulum clocks - 10th century
Mechanical clocks - 14th century |
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What century was paper brought to Europe? |
14th century (1300s) |
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What was the name for the English language after Norman conquest, when it contained French words? |
Middle English |
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Chaucer's "The Canterbury Tales" is known for giving a good cross-section of what? |
English Society
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"Song of Roland" is a French account of what?
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Charlemagne's defense against Muslims in Spain |
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What are "chansons degeste"? |
French courtly/chivalric literature |
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Tales of the Britons fighting off invading Anglo-Saxons are known as what? |
Arthurian legends
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Troubadors and courtly love poets in Spain wrote about what? (Ex: "Legends of El Cid") |
The Reconquista |
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"Younger Edda" and "Elder Edda" are poems that preserve what? |
Pre-Christian Icelandic Mythology |
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What country was Dante from? |
Italy |
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Who wrote the "Divine Comedy"? |
Dante |
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What was Francesco Petrarch's "Decameron" about? |
Stories of men and women in italian countryside escaping the Black Death |
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What dude Giovanni Boccaccio and Francesco Petrarch help to usher in? |
The Renaissance |
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The black death appeared during the middle of which century? |
14th century / 1300s (1347-1351) |
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Where did the Black Death originate? |
Asia |
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How did the Black Death get to Europe? |
From Italian merchants via the Black Sea |
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What happened in the 14th century to reduce Europe's population by 1/3? |
Black Death |
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What happened in the early 14th century to make Europe's population vulnerable to sickness? |
Malnutrition caused by crop failures weakened their immune systems |
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What were the "good" economic benefits of the black death in the 14th century? |
-Increased wages (lowered unemployment) -Decreased price of food |
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Romanesque and Gothic were features of what in the middle ages? |
Architecture |
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Fleur-de-lis, gargoyles, and pointed arches were characteristics of what kind of architecture in the middle ages? |
Gothic |
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Which kind of architecture had rounded arches in the middle ages? |
Romanesque |
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Which type of architecture had the most light in the middle ages? Romanesque, or Gothic? |
Gothic |
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Which had thicker walls, Romanesque or Gothic? |
Romanesque |
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Which type of architecture featured stained glass in the middle ages? |
Gothic |
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Gothic style illustrations in the margins of books were called what? |
"Grotesques"/"Drolleries" |
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Who was the great fresco painter of the middle ages who was considered to have inspired the renaissance? |
Giotto |
