The Middle Ages

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Franks

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Kingdom/people led by Clovis

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Clovis

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Led the Franks, conquered Gaul, Converted to Christianity in battle, after death kingdom divided into 3 areas

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Carolingian Empire

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Fell after death of Charlemagne, divided into 3 sections

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Charles Martel

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Defeated Muslims at the Battle of Tours in France

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Pepin III (the short)

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Son of Charles Martel, gave pope land called Papal States

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Charlemagne

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Became "Emperor of the Romans" by Pope Leo III

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Pope Leo III

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Gave Charlemagne the title "Emperor of the Romans"

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Missi Dominici

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Messengers of the lord king, ensures that counts carry out king's wishes

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Carolingian Renaissance

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Intellectual revival

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Aechen

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Charlemagne's court, a "second Rome", rivive Latin Learning

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Treaty of Verdun

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Split up empire to Charlemagne's sons

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Magyars

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People from West Asia; settled in Hungary

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Vikings

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Norsemen of Scandivania: loved adventure and search for spoils of war

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Ordeal

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Means of determining guilt, based on idea of divine intention, always invovled physical trial

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Wergild

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"Money for a man",Germanic law was personal, $ varies according to class

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Feudalism

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People offer loyalty and military service to a lord for protection

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Vassal

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Men who served lord in military capacity

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Fief

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Piece of land granted from a lord to a vassal

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Feudal Contract

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Set of unwritten rules b/t a lord and his vassal (usually 40 days of miltitary service)

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Manor

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Agricultural estate that lord ran and peasants worked

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Liege

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A vassal's "High Lord"

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Serfs

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Peasants bound to lord's land, lower class

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Knights

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Mounted fighter who followed code of chivalry

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Simple Knight

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Knight who had land, fought to share in conquest

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Landless Knight

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Knight who fought to obtain land

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Page

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sung and spoke poetry, serve lady and lord of house, learned good manners and about weapons (age 8-14)

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Squire

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Serve lord, polish armor, care for a horse (age 14)

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Tournaments

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Contest where knights could demonstate fighting skill, joust=main part

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Joust

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Main part of a tournament, two knights charge eachother with lances on horses

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Statute of Arms

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Rules that helped stop bloodshed in tournaments, fair play and blunted weapons

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Chivalry

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Roman Catholic Church pushed this idea of civilized behavior, code of ethics for a knight to uphold

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Tithe

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Money given to church as an offering

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Monk

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Man who separates himself from society in order to dediciate oneself to God

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Nuns

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Women who dedicate oneself to to God

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Abbot

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Lead monk of a monastary

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Abbess

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Lead nun of a convert

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St. Benedict

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Wrote set of rules to guide monk's lives

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Benedictine Rule

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Prayer and manual labor, communal life

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Sacrements

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7 sacred rites of the Church
(need for salvation)

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Papal Supremacy

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Created by Pope Innocent III, authority over all secular rulers

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Excommunication

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One cant recieve sacrements or Christian burial

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Interdict

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Forbids priests from giving sacrements to a particular group/area of people

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Simony

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Practice of selling church offices

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Pope Gregory VII

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Excommunicated King Henry IV

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King Henry IV

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King of Germany, excommunicated by Pope Gregory VII

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Lay Investiture

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Secular or lay rulers (king) chose nominees to Church officices

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Concordat of Worms

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King invest with earthly office, church=spirtual duties

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Hildegard of Bingen

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Had visions and recorded prophecies, considered a saint, but never canonized

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Francis of Assisi

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Founded the Franciscans, POW who had spirtual experiences and abandoned all worldly goods

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Carruca

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Heavy, wheeled plow with an iron plowshare that could turn over heavy clay soils

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Middle class

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Social class that included merchants, traders, artisans

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Guilds

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Organized by craftspeople, set standards for quality, fixed prices, how many people could enter

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Apprentice

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At age 10 with master craftsperson, not paid, recieve room and board, 5-7 years

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Journeyman

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After apprentice, work for wages for other masters, had to produce a masterpiece to become master

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William of Normandy (Conqueror)

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Invading from Normandy, defeats Harold II @ Battle of Hastings

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Battle of Hastings

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Battle where William defeats King Harold II and becomes king of England afterwards

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Domesday Book

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Census givin by king William

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Henry II

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King who developed legal system

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Common Law

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Laws common in all of England

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Thomas Becket

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Killed then announced a Saint of Canterbury

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King John of England

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Henry II's son, "softsword"-would not fight, lost Normandy but defended England

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Magna Carta

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Document signed by King John, stated; 1) Parlimentary control of taxation 2) Due process of law 3) Limited power of monarch

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Pope Innocent III

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Created Papal supremacy

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Philip II Augustus

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Took land from King John of England, set foundation for strong monarchy, leader of 3rd Crusade

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Hugh Capet

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Elected king by French nobles in 987, made throne herditary

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Philip IV ("the fair")

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Created the Parliment of Paris

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Parliment of Paris

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Supreme court of the entire realm of France

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Estates General

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Represented body drawn from 3 classes (esates): Clergy, Nobility, and Commoners

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Otto the Great

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Crowned "emperor of the Romans" by a pope in 962

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Holy Roman Empire

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Empire ruled by Henry III, "Holy rome"

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Henry IV

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Had a conflict w/ pope Gregory VII over naming bishops

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Crusades

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Religous war to recover the Holy Land

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Alexius I

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Byzantine emperor, appealed to Pope Urban II for help in recovering land from Seljuk Turks

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Pope Urban II

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Pleaded to by Alexius in revovering land from Seljuk Turks

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Saladin

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Muslim ruler who let Christians make a pilgrimage to the Holy Land

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Peasants Crusade

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1st crusaders

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Crusade of Princes

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Crusade where crusaders captured city of Antioch and later captured Jerusalem

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2nd Crusade

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"Failure Crusade"

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3rd Crusade

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Crusade led by King Richard, Philip II Augustus, and Frederick Barbarossa; ending with negotiation between Saladin and Richard

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Holy Roman Empire

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Consisted of Germany and Northern Italy

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Hugh Capet

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Started French Empire

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4th Crusade

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Crusade where Christians fought Christians and resulted in Constantinople being sacked

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Children's Crusade

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Started by a young German boy named Nicholas of Cologne, resulted in many kids dieing and sold into slavery on way to the Holy Land

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Parliament

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Used by nobility to check power of king

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Albigensian Crusade

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Crusade where Pope Innocent III called for Crusade to stop heresy and kill heretics

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Inquisition

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Official department of the Church