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192 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the Greek word eukaryote mean?
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TRUE-nucleus
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What does the Greek word prokaryote mean?
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PRE-nucleus
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PROKARYOTE CHROMOSOMES?
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One Circular, no membrane
One |
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PROKARYOTE CELL WALLS?
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PEPTIDOGLYCAN
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PROKARYOTE REPLICATION
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BINARY FISSION
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DO PROKARYOTES OR EUKARYOTES HAVE ORGANELLES?
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EUKARYOTES
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HISTONES ARE FOUND IN:
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EUKARYOTES & ARCHAEA
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EUKARYOTE CHROMOSOMES?
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ONE TO MANY; LINEAR IN A NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
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EUKARYOTE REPLICATION
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MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
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EUKARYOTE CELL WALLS?
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NO PEPTIDOGLYCAN
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AVERAGE SIZE OF PROKARYOTIC CELLS
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.2 TO 2 MICROMETERS WIDE BY 1 TO 10 MICROMETERS IN LENGTH
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AVERAGE SIZE OF EUKARYOTE CELLS?
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10-500 MICROMETER IN LENGTH
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AVERAGE SIZE OF VIRUS CELLS?
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20 TO 1000 NANOMETERS
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LARGEST BACTERIUM KNOWN
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THIOMARGARITA SIZE OF A PERIOD (.75 MM)
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SMALLEST CELL KNOWN
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NANOARCHAEUM
0.4 MICROMETERS |
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COCCUS
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SPHERE/ROUND
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BACILLUS
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STAFF/ROD-SHAPED (ALSO AN UNRELATED GENUS NAME)
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SPIRILLA
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RIGID SPIRAL/CORKSCREW WITH FLAGELLA
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VIBRIO
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CURVED ROD
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SPIROCHETES
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FLEXIBLE SPIRAL SHAPE WITH AXIAL FILAMENTS (ENDOFLAGELLA)
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WHAT ARE THE DESCRIPTIVE STRUCTURAL PREFIXES OF BACTERIA WITH 2, 4 AND 8 CELLS)
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DIPLO (1 AXIS)
TETRA (2 AXISES) SARCINAE (CUBE OF 8) |
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WHAT ARE THE DESCRIPTIVE STRUCTURAL PREFIXES MEANING CLUSTERS, CHAINS, STAR-SHAPED AND SQUARE?
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STAPHYLO
STREPTO STELLA HALOARCULA |
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NAME ARRANGEMENTS OF
PAIRS? CLUSTERS? CHAINS? |
DIPLOCOCCI, DIPLOBACILLI
STAPHYLOCOCCI STREPTOCOCCI, STREPTOBACILLI |
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MONOMORPHIC
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BACTERIA THAT DO NOT CHANGE SHAPE UNLESS ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS CHANGE.
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PLEOMORHPIC
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BACTERIA THAT COME IN A VARIETY OF SHAPES (RARE)
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WHAT IS GLYCOCALYX?
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STICKY SUGAR COATING OF PROKAYOTIC FOUND EXTERNAL TO CELL WALL.
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WHAT IS GLYOCALYX MADE OF?
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POLYSACCHARIDE AND/OR POLYPEPTIDE.
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WHAT DOES GLYOCALYX DO?
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CAN BE USE AS ENERGY IF NEEDED & PROTECTS AGAINST DEHYDRATION, KEEPS NUTRIENTS IN THE CELL.
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CAPSULE
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GLYCOCALYX, ORGANIZED & FIRMLY ATTACHED TO CELL WALL
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WHAT TO CAPSULES PREVENT?
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PHAGOCYTOSIS BY THE HOSTS IMMUNE SYSTEM
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SLIME LAYER
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GLYCOCALYX, UNORGANIZED, LOOSELY ATTACHED TO CELL WALL
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EXTRACELLULAR POLYSACCHARIDE
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GLYCOCALYX MADE OF SUGARS THAT ALLOWS BACTERIA TO ATTACH TO VARIOUS SURFACES
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DESCRIBE STRUCTURE OF PROKARYOTIC FLAGELLA
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LONG, SEMI-RIDGED, HELICAL, CELLULAR APPENDAGE ATTACHED TO A PROTEIN HOOK
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HOW ARE PROGKARYOTIC FLAGELLA ATTACHED TO A CELL?
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ANCHORED TO THE CELL WALL AND CELL MEMBRANE BY THE BASAL BODY
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WHAT DO FLAGELLA DO AND WHY?
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APPENDAGE USED FOR LOCOMOTION BY ROTATING (RUN AND TUMBLE) IN RESPONSE TO CONCENTRATION OF STIMULI
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TYPES OF STIMULI?
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CHEMOTAXIS - CHEMICAL
PHOTOTAXIS - LIGHT |
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AXIAL FILAMENTS
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ENDOFLAGELLA OF SPIROCHETES COVERED BY OUTER SHEATH, ROTATES LIKE CORKSCREW
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FIMBRIAE
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SHORTER, THINER THEN FLAGELLA, USED FOR ATTACHMENT NOT LOCOMOTION
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PILI (SEX PILI)
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LONGER THAN FIMBRIAE ONLY 1-2 PER CELL, USED TO TRANSFER DNA
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WHAT PURPOSE DOES THE PROKARYOTIC CELL WALL PROVIDE?
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STRUCTURE AND PROTECTION, PREVENTS OSMOTIC LYSIS. MAY, ENABLE BACTERIA TO CAUSE DISEASE
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GOING INWARD WHAT ARE THE FIRST 4 STRUCTURES OF A PROKARYOTIC CELL?
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FLAGELLA, FIMBRIAE, PILI
GLYCOCALYX CELL WALL PLASMA MEMBRANE |
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SOME ANTIBIOTICS WORK BY:
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DAMAGING THE CELL WALL
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WHAT IS A BACTERIA CELL WALL MADE OF?
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PEPTIDOGLYCAN
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WHAT IS A PEPTIDOGLYCAN MADE OF?
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DI-SACCHARIDES (NAG & NAM) LINKED BY POLYPEPTIDES (AMINO ACIDS) TO FORM A LATTICE
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DESCRIBE GRAM-POSITIVE CELL WALLS
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MANY LAYERS OF PEPTIDOGLYCAN LINKED BY TEICHOIC ACIDS
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TEICHOIC ACIDS
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MAY REGULATE MOVEMENT OF CATIONS (+), PREVENT WALL BREAKDOWN,
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PICS OF GRAM POSITIVE AND GRAM NEGATIVE CELL WALLS
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TEICHOIC ACIDS
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FOUND IN GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA, LINKS LAYERS OF PEPTIDOGLYCAN
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NAME THE TWO TYPES OF TEICHOIC ACIDS
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1. LIPOTEICHOIC ACID - LINKS TO PLASMA MEMBRANE
2. WALL TEICHOIC ACID - LINKS TO PEPTIDOGLYCAN |
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DESCRIBE GRAM-NEGATIVE CELL WALLS PARTS (4)
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OUTER MEMBRANE
1-2 LAYERS PEPTIDOGLYCAN INSIDE PERIPLASM PLASMA MEMBRANE |
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PERIPLASM
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FLUID-FILLED SPACE BETWEEN THE OUTER MEMBRANE AND PLASMA MEMBRANE
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GRAM POSITIVE OR GRAM NEGATIVE CELLS MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO RUPTURE?
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GRAM-NEGATIVE
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COMPOSITION OF THE OUTER MEMBRANE OF GRAM-NEGATIVE CELL WALLS
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COMPOSED OF LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES, LIOPPROTEINS AND PHOSPHOLIPIDS
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PURPOSE OF OUTER MEMBRANE?
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PROTECTS THE CELL FROM PHAGOCYES, COMPLEMENT, ANTIBIOTICS, LYSOZYME, DETERGENTS, HEAVY METALS, BILE SALTS AND CERTAIN DYES
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PORINS
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TRANSPORT PROTEINS IN THE OUTER MEMBRANE
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COMPONENTS OF LIPOPLYSACCHARIDE
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O-POLYSACCHARIDE
LIPID A |
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O-POLYSACCHARIDE
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ANTIGEN THAT CAN BE USED TO ID CERTAIN GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA
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LIPID A
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ENDOTOXIN THAT CAN CAUSE SHOCK, FEVER AND DEATH IF ENOUGH IS RELEASED INTO HOST BLOOD
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CV-I
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CRYSTAL VIOLET-IODINE CRYSTALS THAT FORM WITHIN THE CELL
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EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA
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DEHYDRATES PEPTIDOGLYCAN AND PREVENTS CV-I FROM LEAVING
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EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA
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DISSOLVES OUTER MEMBRANE AND LEAVES HOLES IN PEPTIDOGLYCAN
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PROTOPLAST
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GRAM-POSITIVE CELL WHOSE CELL WALL HAS BEEN INTENTIONALLY DESTROYED BUT IS STILL ALIVE AND FUNCTIONAL
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SPHEROPLAST
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GRAM-NEGATIVE CELL WHOSE OUTER MEMBRANE AND PEPTIDOGLYCAN WERE REMOVED
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L FORMS
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WALL-LESS CELLS THAT SWELL INTO IRREGULAR SHAPES
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OSOMOTIC LYSIS
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SWELLING AND BURSTING OF A CELL WITHOUT A CELL WALL OR WITH A DAMAGED ONE
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LYSOZYME
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ENZYME THAT DIGESTS THE DISACCHARIDES IN PEPTIDOGLYCAN
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HOW DOES PENICILLIN WORK?
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INHIBITS THE FORMATION OF PEPTIDE BRIDGES IN PEPTIDOGLYCAN OF GROWING CELLS
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WHY DOESN'T PENICILLIN WORK ON GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA?
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BECAUSE OF THE OUTER MEMBRANE AND THE SMALL AMOUNT OF PEPTIDOGLYCAN
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ANTIBIOTICS THAT CAN PENETRATE THE OUTER MEMBRANE OF GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA
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SYREPTOMYCIN, CHLORAMPHENICOL TETRACYCLINE
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WHY DO THE ANTIBIOTICS WE USE MAINLY TARGET ONLY PROKARYOTIC CELLS?
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BECAUSE PROKARYOTIC CELLS CONTAIN STRUCTURES THAT ARE NOT FOUND IN ANIMALS WE CAN USE SUBSTANCES THAT TARGET THOSE STRUCTURES
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NAME TWO WALL-LESS CELLS
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MYCOPLASMS
ARCHAEA |
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MYCOPLASMS
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BACTERIA THAT LACKS CELL WALLS BUT HAS STEROLS IN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE INSTEAD
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PLASMA MEMBRANE
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INNER MEMBRANE OF BOTH GRAM+ AND GRAM- CELLS
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WHAT IS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE MADE OF ?
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PHOSPHOLIPIDE BILAYER MADE OF AMPHIPATHIC MOLECULES (TAILS IN)
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AMPHIPATHIC
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A MOLECULE WITH BOTH POLAR AND NON-POLAR PARTS
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WHAT ACTIONS OCCUR IN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE?
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS, AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION REACTIONS
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THIOMARGARITA
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LARGEST KNOWN BACTERIUM (0.75MM)
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WHERE ARE PERIPHERAL PROTEINS FOUND?
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FOUND IN AT THE INNER AND OUTER SURFACE OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE - MOVES ACROSS THE MEMBRANE
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WHERE ARE INTEGRAL PROTEINS FOUND?
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EXTEND INTO OR ACROSS THE ENTIRE LIPID BILAYER - FIRMLY ANCHORED IN PLACE
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TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN
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INTEGRAL PROTEIN THAT SPANS THE THE BILAYER AND PROTRUDES INTO THE CYTOSOL AND EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
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WHAT DO PERIPHERAL PROTEINS DO?
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USED AS ENZYMES, PROVIDE STRUCTURE, ASSIST THE CELL IN CHANGING SHAPE
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WHAT DO INTEGRAL PROTEINS DO?
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PROVIDE CHANNELS FOR MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS INTO AND OUT OF THE CELL
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DESCRIBE FLUID MOSAIC MODEL OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
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VISCOUS AS OLIVE OIL
PROTEINS MOVE TO FUNCTION PHOSPHOLIPIDS ROTATE AND MOVE LATERALLY |
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SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY
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ALLOWS THE PASSAGE OF SOME MOLECULES BUT NOT OTHERS ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
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WHAT CANNOT PASS THROUGH THE MEMBRANE?
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LARGE MOLECULES CANNOT
IONS - SLOWLY OR NOT AT ALL |
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WHAT CAN PASS THROUGH THE MEMBRANE?
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LIPID SOLUBLE MOLECULES
SMALLER MOLECULES (H2O, O2, CO2 & SOME SIMPLE SUGARS) |
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WHERE ARE ENZYMES FOR ATP PRODUCTION STORED?
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PLASMA MEMBRANE
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CHORMATOPHORES AND THYLAKOIDS
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FOLDINGS IN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE WHERE PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS
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WHAT CAN CAUSE DAMAGE TO THE PLASMA MEMBRANE?
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ALCOHOLS, QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS (DISINFECTANTS) AND POLYMYXIN ANTIBIOTICS.
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WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE GETS DAMAGED?
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LEAKAGE OF CELL CONTENTS
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NAME 3 PASSIVE PROCESSES USED TO MOVE MATERIALS ACROSS MEMBRANES
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SIMPLE DIFFUSION, FACILITATED DIFFUSION & OSMOSIS
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SIMPLE DIFFUSION
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MOVEMENT OF A SOLUTE FROM HIGH TO LOW CONCENTRATION
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FACILITATED DIFFUSION
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MOVEMENT OF A SOLUTE REQUIRES HELP OF A SPECIFIC PROTEIN TO MOVE ACROSS MEMBRANE
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OSMOSIS
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MOVEMENT OF WATER ACROSS A SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE (HIGH WATER TO LOW WATER)
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OSMOTIC PRESSURE
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THE PRESSURE NEEDED TO STOP THE MOVEMENT OF WATER ACROSS THE MEMBRANE.
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Hypertonic Solutions
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A solution with a higher salt concentration than in normal cells of the body and the blood.
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ISOTONIC SOLUTION
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A solution that has the same salt concentration as the normal cells of the body and the blood.
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Hypotonic Solution
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A solution with a lower salt concentration than in normal cells of the body and the blood.
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What does active transport require?
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A transporter protein and ATP
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What is an active transport?
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Movement of substances pumped against its concentration gradient.
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What is group translocation?
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A special form of active transport only in PROKAYOTES
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How does group translocation work?
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The substance is chemically altered during transport to prevent it from escaping.
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What does group translocation require?
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A specific protein and high-energy phosphate compound (like PEP)
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Why is energy required for active transport?
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Because substances need to move AGAINST the concentration gradient.
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Phosphoenolpyruvic Acid (PEP)
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High-energy phosphate compound used to "phosphorylate" or chemically alter the transported molecule to prevent movement out of the cell
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Cytoplasm
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Substance inside the plasma membrane.
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What comprises cytoplasm?
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80% Water, proteins, enzymes, carbohydrates, lipids, inorganic ions, various compounds a nuclear area, ribosomes and inclusions
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Nucleoid
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Nuclear area (not a nucleous!) in a prokaryote
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What is in a nucleoid?
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Single circular chromosome made of DNA
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What does archaea have in their nucleoid that bacteria doesn't?
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Histones and introns.
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What happens in the nucleoid?
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Proteins synthesize and partition new DNA for division during binary fission
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Pasmids
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Small circular DNA molecules that can be gained or lost w/o harming the cell.
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How many genes does a pasmid contain?
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less than 100
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Nuclear Envelope
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Surrounds the chromosomes in Eukaryote cells but not prokaryotic.
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Why are plasmids useful in genetic engineering?
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They can be transferred from one bacterium to another.
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What can using plasmids in genetic engineering do for us?
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Create cells with antibiotic resistance, tolerance to toxins, ones that produce toxins or synthesize enzymes.
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What are Ribosomes?
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Site of protein synthesis.
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Subunit
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Make up ribosomes, can be large or small and are made up of protein and rRNA.
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What size are Prokaryotic ribosomes?
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70s, made up of 30s and 50s subunits
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What size are Eukaryotic ribosomes?
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80s, made up of 40s and 60s subunits
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Inclusions
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Reserve deposits of nutrients that can be used in times of low resource availability
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Name types of Inclusions
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Metachromatic, Polysaccharide, Lipid
Sufur, Carboxysomes, Gas, Magnetosomes. |
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Metachromatic granules (volutin)
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Reserve of inorganic phosphate for ATP
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polysaccharide granules
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Glycogen and starch inclusion.
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sulfur granules
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Energy reserve for sulfur bacteria that derive energy by oxidizing sulfur and sulfur compounds.
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Carboxysomes
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contain an enzyme necessary for CO2 fixation in bacteria that uses CO2 for energy.
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Gas Vacuoles
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Help bacteria maintain buoyancy.
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Magnetsomes
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Made of Iron oxide, help bacteria sink to reach attachment site and decompose hydrogen peroxide.
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Endospores
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Resting Gram+ Bacterial Cells
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When do endospores form?
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When essecntial nutrients can no longer be obtained.
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What are endospores resistant to?
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Desiccation (drying out), heat, chemicals, radiation
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What species are endospores found in?
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Bacillus (e.g. anthrax)
Clostridium (e.g. gangrene, tetanus, botulism, food poisoning) |
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Sporulation (sporogenesis)
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The process of endospore formation withing the vegetative (functional parent) cell
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How long does sporulation (endospore formation) take?
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Several Hours
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Steps to sporulation?
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1. DNA replicated
2. Septum isolates new DNA & forespore is formed 3. thick protein coat around forespore 4. Wall ruptures, releasing endospore |
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Forespore?
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double-layered membrane bound structure in a bacteria where an endospore forms.
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Characteristics of endospore?
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Dormant, metabolically inert, contains chromosome, some RNA, ribosomes, enzymes and very little water
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How long can an endospore remain dormant?
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Millions of years.
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Endospore Germination
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The return of a dormant endospore to a vegetative state.
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What happens in endospore germination?
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damage to the coat triggers enzymes to activate and break down the protective layers allowing water to enter so that metabolism can resume
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Cillia
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numerous short hair-like projections for movement
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Flagella
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long projection used for movement (think sperm)
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Eukaryotic flagella movement
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Whip-like
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Prokaryotic flagella movement
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Rotation
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Eukaryotic Cell Wall layers
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No peptidoglycan (reason antibiotics cannot harm us)
Made of carbohydrates |
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Cell Wall in algae, plants and some fungi
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Cellulose
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Cell wall in most fungi
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Chitin
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Cell wall in yeasts
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Glucan & Mannan
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Cell wall in Animals
Sticky |
Glycocalyx
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Plasma Membrane
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Surrounds cytoplasm
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Types of membrane proteins
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Ion Channels (Pores)
Transporter Receptors Enzymes Cell-identity Markers Linkers |
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Ion Channels (Pores)
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Allows ions (Na or P) to cross the cell membrane
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Transporter Proteins
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Move a polar substance from one side of the membrane to the other
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Receptor Proteins
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recognize and bind a specific molecule. Chemical binding to the receptor is called a ligand
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Enzymes
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Float or are fixated in plasma membrane - Catalyze chemical reactions
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Cell-identity markers
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Glycoprotein or glycolipids such as human leukocyte antigens
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Types of transports
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Simple Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis Active Transport Vesicular Transport |
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ENDOCYTOSIS
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TRANSPORTATION WHERE MATERIAL MOVES INTO A CELL
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EXOCYTOSIS
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INSIDE VESICLES FUSE WITH PLASMA MEMBRANE & EMPTY CONTENTS OUT OF CELL
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PHAGOCYTOSIS
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PSEUDOPOD EXTEND, ENGULF AND INGEST SOLIDS
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PINOCYTOSIS
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INGESTION OF EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
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CYTOPLASM
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SUBSTANCE INSIDE THE PLASMA MEMBRANE AND OUTSIDE NUCLEUS
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CYTOSOL
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FLUID PORTION OF CYTOPLASM
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CYTOSKELETON
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STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK THROUGHOUT CYTOPLASM
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CYTOSKELETON COMPONENTS
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MICROFILAMENTS, INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS & MICROTUBULES
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CYTOPLASMIC STREAMING
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MOVEMENT OF CYTOPLASM & NUTRIENTS THROUGHOUT CELLS
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ORGANELLES
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MEMBRANE BOUND STRUCTURES IN EUKARYOTE
|
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NUCLEUS
|
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE WITH PORES SURROUNDING DNA, HISTONES
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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
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NETWORK OF CISTERNS WITHIN THE CYTOPLASM
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ROUGH ER
|
SITE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, STUDDED WITH RIBOSOMES
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SMOOTH ER
|
SYNTHESIZES FATS & STEROIDS DETOXIFIES, REMOVES Pi, STORES CALCIUM
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RIBOSOMES
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SITE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, MEMBRANE BOUND IN ROUGH ER, FREE IN CYTOPLASM
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SIZE OF RIBOSOMES IN EUKARYOTES
|
80S
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SIZE OF RIBOSOMES IN PROKARYOTES
|
70S
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GOLGI COMPLEX
|
CISTERNS WITH ENZYMES THAT MODIFY, SORT AND PACKAGE PROTEINS
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CIS FACE
|
ENTRY PART OF GOLGI FACES ROUGH ER
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TRANS FACE
|
EXIT PART OF GOLGI FACES PLASMA MEMBRANE
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MEDIAL CISTERNAE
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CISTERNS BETWEEN THE CIS AND TRANS FACES OF GOLGI COMPLEX
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LYSOSOMES
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MAJOR STORAGE VESICLES CONTAINING DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
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AUTOPHAGY
|
DIGESTION OF WORN-OUT ORGANELLES BY LYSOSOMES
|
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AUTOLYSIS
|
DIGESTION OF LYSOSOMES OWN CONTENTS
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VACUOLES
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SPACES IN CYTOPLASM OF A PLANT
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TONOPLAST
|
MEMBRANE SURROUNDING A VACUOLE
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FUNCTION OF VACUOLES
|
TEMP STORAGE, FOOD TRANSPORT, STRUCTURAL SUPPORT
|
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MITOCHONDRIA
|
EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLE CONTAINING KREB CYCLE ENZYMES AND ETC
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MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
|
DNA FOUND INSIDE THE INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE WITH 70s RIBOSOMES
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CHLOROPLAST
|
ORGANELLE IN PLANTS WITH PIGMENT CHLOROPHYLL AND 70S RIBOSOMES
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PEROXISOMES
|
CONTAINS ENZYMES THAT OXIDIZES AMINO ACIDS, FATTY ACIDS AND ALCOHOL (MAKES H2O2)
|
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THYLAKOIDS
|
MEMBRANE SACS HOLDING CHLOROPHYLL
|
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CENTROSOMES
|
DENSE AREAS OF CYTOPLASM, CONTAINS THE CENTRIOLES, INVOLVED IN CELL DIVISION
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CENTRIOLES
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PAIR OF CYLINDRICAL STRUCTURES WITH NINE CLUSTERS OF 2 MICROTUBULES
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ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY
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EVOLUTION OF PROKARYOTES INTO EURKARYOTES
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