The Microbial World And You - Chapter 2

Front 1

CHEMISTRY

Back 1

SCIENCE OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ATOMS AND MOLECULES

Front 2

HYDROGEN BONDS

Back 2

WHEN THE POLAR CHARGE OF H2O OR H2N IS ATTRACTED WEAKLY TO ANOTHER. ie. BOND BETWEEN WATER MOLECULES

Front 3

2 THINGS REQUIRED FOR A CHEMICAL REACTION TO OCCUR IN CELLS

Back 3

ACTIVATION ENERGY & ENZYMES

Front 4

CHEMICAL REACTION

Back 4

MAKING OR BREAKING OF BONDS BETWEEN ATOMS

Front 5

ENDERGONIC REACTIONS

Back 5

ABSORB ENERGY

Front 6

EXERGONIC REACTIONS

Back 6

RELEASE ENERGY

Front 7

SYNTHESIS REACTIONS

Back 7

ATOMS, IONS OR MOLECULES COMBINE TO FORM NEW LARGER MOLECULES

Front 8

ANABOLISM

Back 8

SYNTHESES OF MOLECULES IN A CELL

Front 9

CONDENSATION (DEHYDRATION) REACTION

Back 9

SYNTHESIS PRODUCING H2O

Front 10

DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS

Back 10

SPLITTING MOLECULES INTO SMALLER MOLECULES, IONS, ATOMS

Front 11

CATABOLIC REACTIONS

Back 11

DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS IN A CELL THAT REQUIRES H2O

Front 12

EXCHANGE REACTIONS

Back 12

DOUBLE REPLACEMENT PART SYNTHESIS AND PART DECOMPOSITION

Front 13

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Back 13

MOLECULES THAT CONTAIN CARBON & HYDROGEN

Front 14

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Back 14

MOLECULES THAT LACK CARBON

Front 15

HYDROPHILIC

HYDROPHOBIC

Back 15

WATER LOVING(POLAR MOLECULE)

AFRAID OF WATER (FATS,OILS)

Front 16

WHY IS WATER A GOOD TEMPERATURE BUFFER?

Back 16

THERE ARE A LOT OF HYDROGEN BONDS THAT REQUIRE ENERGY TO BREAK.

Front 17

ACID

Back 17

SUBSTANCE THAT DISSOCIATES, GIVING UP H+

Front 18

BASE

Back 18

SUBSTANCE THAT DISSOCIATES, GIVING UP OH-

Front 19

SALTS

Back 19

SUBSTANCES THAT DISSOCIATES INTO CATIONS(+) AND ANIONS(-) NEITHER WHICH ARE H+ OR OH-

Front 20

ELECTROLYTES

Back 20

SUBSTANCES THAT DISSOCIATE INTO IONS IN SOLUTION AND CAN CONDUCT ELECTRICITY

Front 21

pH

Back 21

AMOUNT OF [H+] IN A SOLUTION
pH= -log[H+]
pH LESS THAN 7 = ACIDIC
pH MORE THAN 7 = BASIC

Front 22

pH MOST ORGANISMS GROW BEST IN?

Back 22

6.5 TO 8.5

Front 23

HYDROCARBONS

Back 23

MOLECULES OF CARBON & HYDROGEN ONLY
CH4, C2H6,C3H8, C4H10

Front 24

CARBON SKELETON/BACKBONE

Back 24

CHAIN OR RING OF CARBON ATOMS IN AN ORGANIC MOLECULE

Front 25

FUNCTIONAL GROUP

Back 25

CLUSTERS OF ATOMS THAT BOND TO A CARBON BACKBONE AND INFLUENCE CHEMICAL BEHAVIOR

Front 26

MACROMOLECULES

Back 26

POLYMER MADE UP OF REPEATING MONOMERS JOINED BY CONDENSATION REACTIONS

Front 27

CARBOHYDRATES

Back 27

SIMPLE SUGARS OR STRINGS OF SIMPLE SUGARS LINKED TOGETHER - USED FOR STRUCTURE & ENERGY

Front 28

RATIO OF C:H:O IN CARBOHYDRATES

Back 28

1:2:1

Front 29

MONOSACCHARIDES

Back 29

SIMPLE SUGARS 3 TO 7 CARBONS LONG

Front 30

DI-SACCHARIDES

Back 30

TWO MONO-SACCHARIDES JOINED BY DEHYDRATION

Front 31

OLIGOSACCHARIDES

Back 31

2 TO 20 MONO-SACCHARIDES

Front 32

POLYSACCHARIDES

Back 32

STRAIGHT OR BRANCHED CHAINS OF 10 TO 100's MONO-SACCHARIDES LONG

Front 33

3 POLYMERS OF GLUCOSE (BONDED DIFFERENTLY)

Back 33

GLYCOGEN (ANIMALS)
STARCH (PLANT ENERGY)
CELLULOSE (PLANT STRUCTURE)

Front 34

CHITIN

Back 34

POLYMER OF TWO SUGARS REPEATING MANY TIMES FOUND IN THE CELL WALLS OF FUNGI

Front 35

COMPONENTS OF CELL MEMBRANES

Back 35

LIPIDS

Front 36

ELEMENTS THAT FORM LIPIDS

Back 36

CARBON, HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN

Front 37

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIPIDS

Back 37

NON-POLAR, INSOLUBLE IN WATER

Front 38

FATTY ACID

Back 38

BACKBONES OF UP TO 36 CARBONS (WITH HYDROGENS) AND A CABOXYL GROUP

Front 39

SATURATED FATTY ACID

Back 39

ALL CARBONS HAVE MAXIMUM HYDROGENS

Front 40

UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

Back 40

FATTY ACID WITH ONE OR MORE DOUBLE BONDS (NOT MAXED ON HYDROGEN)

Front 41

TRIGLYCERIDES

Back 41

SIMPLE LIPID MADE UP OF GLYCEROL AND ANY 3 FATTY ACIDS.

Front 42

PHOSPHOLIPIDS -

Back 42

COMPLEX LIPID MADE OF A GLYCEROL AND 2 FATTY ACIDS AND A PHOSPHATE GROUP

Front 43

PRIMARY COMPONENT OF CELL MEMBRANES

Back 43

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

Front 44

STEROLS

Back 44

RIGID FOUR-RING BACKBONE

Front 45

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF A CELL

Back 45

PROTEINS

Front 46

ENZYMES

Back 46

PROTEINS THAT SPEED CHEMICAL REACTIONS BY REDUCING ACTIVATION ENERGY

Front 47

TRANSPORTER PROTEINS

Back 47

MOVE CHEMICALS ACROSS MEMBRANES

Front 48

REGULATORY PROTEINS

Back 48

HORMONES

Front 49

BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEIN

Back 49

AMINO ACIDS

Front 50

AMINO ACID

Back 50

ORGAINC COMPOUND WITH AMINO GROUP, CARBOXY GROUP, A HYDROGEN AND AN "R" GROUP ATTACHED TO A CENTRAL CARBON

Front 51

HOW MANY AMINO ACIDS ARE THERE?

Back 51

20

Front 52

STEREOISOMERS

Back 52

DIVISION OF AMINO ACID
EITHER D OR L (FOUND IN NATURE)

Front 53

PEPTIDE BONDS

Back 53

BOND THAT LINKS AMINO ACIDS TOGETHER CARBOXYL BINDS TO AMINO GROUP RELEASING H20

Front 54

PRIMARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE

Back 54

POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN

Front 55

SECONDARY STRUCTURE

Back 55

COILED HELICIES AND PLEATED SHEETS OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN FORMED BY HYDROGEN BONDS

Front 56

TERTIARY STRUCTURE

Back 56

3-D POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS TWISTED AND FOLDED IRREGULARLY FORMED BY HYDROGEN, DISULPHIDE AND IONIC BONDS

Front 57

QUATERNARY STRUCTURE

Back 57

PROTEINS MADE UP OF MULTIPLE POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS

Front 58

PROTEIN SHAPES

Back 58

GLOBULAR (HEMOGLOBIN) OR FIBROUS (COLLAGEN)

Front 59

GLYCOPROTEINS

Back 59

OLIGOSACCHARIDES BONDED TO CERTAIN PROTEINS

Front 60

LIPOPROTEINS

Back 60

CERTAIN PROTEINS COMBINED WITH LIPIDS

Front 61

DENATURED

Back 61

BREAKING OF HYDROGEN BONDS IN A PROTEIN WITH TEMP, SALT, PH OR EXPOSURE MAKES IT LOOSE ITS SHAPE AND BECOME INACTIVE

Front 62

CONJUGATED PROTEIN

Back 62

PROTEIN COMBINED WITH SOMETHING ELSE- LIP-PROTEIN, GLYCOPROTEIN

Front 63

NUCLEOTIDES

Back 63

BUILDING BLOCKS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS. MADE OF A PENTOSE, PHOSPHATE GROUP AND NITROGEN BASE

Front 64

PENTOSE

Back 64

FIVE CARBON SUGAR (RIBOSE OR DEOXYRIBOSE)

Front 65

PURINE

Back 65

ONE OF TWO NITROGEN-CONTAINING BASE OF NUCLEOTIDES - ADENINE OR GUANINE

Front 66

PYRIMIDINE

Back 66

ONE OF TWO NITROGEN-CONTAINING BASE OF NUCLEOTIDES - THYMINE OR CYTOSINE OR URACIL

Front 67

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Back 67

FOUR KINDS OF NUCLEOTIDES (A, G, T or U, C) BONDED TOGETHER IN DIFFERENT CHAIN SEQUENCES

Front 68

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

Back 68

DNA - DOUBLE STRAIN NUCLEIC ACID MADE UP OF NUCLEOTIDES WITH DEOXYRIBOSE AS THE SUGAR

Front 69

HYDROGEN BONDS IN DNA

Back 69

A (ADENINE) + T (THYMINE)

G (GUANINE) + C (CYTOSINE)

Front 70

RIBONUCLEIC ACID

Back 70

RNA - SINGLE STRAND OF NUCLEIC ACID WITH PENTOSE AS THE SUGAR

Front 71

RNA HYDROGEN BONDS

Back 71

A (ADENINE) + U (URACIL)

G (GUANINE) + C (CYTOSINE)

Front 72

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE

Back 72

ATP- NUCLEOTIDE WITH 3 (INSTEAD OF 1) PHOSPHATE GROUPS, A RIBOSE, AND AN ADENINE BASE

Front 73

HOW DOES ATP STORE AND RELEASE ENERGY?

Back 73

MADE BY DEHYDRATION (ADP + PHOSPHATE GROUP)
RELEASES LOTS OF ENERGY WHEN ATP IS HYDROLYZED BACK TO ADP

Front 74

HOW DO YOU CALCULATE THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF A GIVEN MOLECULE?

Back 74

ADD TOGETHER THE ATOMIC WEIGHT OF EACH ATOM

Front 75

HOW DO YOU MAKE A 1 MOLAR SOLUTION?

Back 75

FIND THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF THE MOLECULE AND ADD ONE LITER OF WATER

Front 76

WHAT ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF CARBOHYDRATES?

Back 76

MONOSACCHARIDES

Front 77

WHAT ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIPIDS?

Back 77

GLYCEROL+ 3 FATTY ACIDS OR
GLYCEROL + 2 FATTY ACIDS + PHOSPHATE GROUP

Front 78

WHAT ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS?

Back 78

AMINO ACIDS COMBINED TOGETHER WITH PEPTIDE BONDS

Front 79

WHAT ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS?

Back 79

NUCLEOTIDES

Front 80

WHAT ARE THE COMPONENTS OF THE NUCLEOTIDES?

Back 80

PHOSPHATE GROUP+ PENTOSE,(2 TYPES) + NITROGEN BASE (2 PURINES OR 3 PYRIMIDINE)

Front 81

WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF PENTOSE?

Back 81

RIBOSE (USED IN RNA)
OR
DOXYRIBOSE (USED IN DNA)