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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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social hierarchy during colonial period
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peninsulares
criollos mestizos indians |
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peninsulares
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born in Spain, moved to LA, held all top positions
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criollos
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children of spaniards born in LA, had riches and land but couldn't hold positions of power bc thought not to be truly loyal to Spanish crown
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mestizos
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mixed indigenous and Spanish descent
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Mexican War of Independence (1810-1821)
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begins at El Grito de Dolores
criollos vs. realistas (royals, defending Spanish crown) |
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outcomes of MX war of independence
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political independence
abolition of slavery criollos gain some power, indians/mestizos still subjugated -Church remains strong power |
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Laws de Reforma
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1. creation of secular state
2. forced Church to sell its land 3. freedom of religion 4. creation of public schools |
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outcome of La Reforma liberal (1855-1863)
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prez= Benito Juarez
social structures remain same, few ppl own land, large % living in poverty, working on haciendas |
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El Porfiriato (1876-1911)
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"order and progress"
modernization through: -foreign investment -creation of railroads -increase in commerce -exploitation of mines/oil -MX haciendas= increase in ag production |
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Porfirio Diaz
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initially democratically elected
national war hero from Batalla del Pueblo ignored anti-reelection rule lack of economic equality provoked revolution |
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Francisco Madero
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-from wealthy, land owning family
-from N state of Coahuila -ran for presidency when Diaz says he wont run again, then Diaz has him imprisoned -moderate, ousted by coup |
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May 1911
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Diaz forced out, goes into exile in France
Madero becomes president |
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Victoriano Huerta
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-general in Madero's army
-led his overthrow, assassination (decena tragica) |
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Emiliano Zapata
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-from S. state of Morelos (big indig. pop)
-led army of peasants |
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Pancho Villa
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-from N, small farmers/property owners
-with Zapata overthrew Huerta |
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Alvaro Obregon
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-leader of constitutionalist faction from Sonora
-middle class -became president, more settled period |
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Venustiano Carranza
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-constitutionalist leader
-president of MX for a while, overthrown by coup, assassinated by Obregon (former ally) |
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Plutarco Calles
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*anti-Catholic
-closed down catholic schools, restricted shows of faith -very Catholic peasants in Jalisco rebel= Cristero revolt -institutionalized PRI |
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Partido Revolucionario Institucional
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-in power for 70 yrs
-legitimized itself as embodiment of revolutionary ideals -represented a lot of diff groups -mostly fraudulent elections |
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Diego Rivera
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-born in Guanajuato, studied in MX city then Europe
-involved with politics -interested in indigenous life/culture |
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muralismo
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cultural renaissance in MX, cultural outcomes of Rev
--> sponsored by MX gov't, esp Vasconcelos (public art accessible to everyone, story of the people) |
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Martin Luis Guzman ("Carnival of Bullets"
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born Chihuahua, moved to MX City during Porfiriato
-active in intellectual life, starts newspapers -served in Villa's army |
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Juan Rulfo ("They gave us the land")
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born Jalisco, orphaned
-experienced Cristeros War -worked for national indigenous institute |
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Octavio Paz
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-born in Mixcoac, father= Zapatista
-Novel prize for lit -influenced by Marxism, then disillusioned with Left, became anti-Communism -but supported Cuban rev for what it got from Marti, not Lenin |
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Octavio Paz as cultural caudillo
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wielded power thru journals he founded
-proponent of Mexican democracy, free market capitalism -close of PRI gov't of Salinas |
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the "Mexican miracle"
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rapid capitalist economic development under the PRI (but little done to alleviate inequality)
-saw themselves as joining developed world -hosting Olympics in '68 |
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student unrest during 1960s
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-PRI wanted to suppress it to protect MX's int'l image
-massacre at Tlatelolco (300+ killed) -but PRI lost legitimacy, stronger pressure to democracize |
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Elena Poniatowska
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-born in Paris, wealthy, father= Polish prince
-Massacre in MX= oral history of student voices -developed testimonial literature/documentary novel |
