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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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colonial times
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- first np aimed at elite audience
- reporters were inexistent, they printed anything they could get their hands on |
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newspapers before the civil war
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were openly partisan
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penny press
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- cost .01
- aimed at larger less educated - relied more on ads - began to hire reporters |
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Gazette of the United States
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- established by Alexander to support him, federalists, and his policies
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National Gazette
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- established by Jefferson and put eidtor on State Dept. payroll
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yellow journalism
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- exaggerated news in early 90's aimed at exploiting scandalous stories
- helped push the war against Spain by reporting they had blow up the Maine battle ship - Pulitzer and Randolph Hearst were contributors |
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magazines
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- first national medium
- significant part of the Progressive movement - inspired modern day journalists - exposed political corruption and predatory practices of large businesses in early 90's |
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radio
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- first broadcast was in WWI
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3 Important Characteristics of Radio
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- Licensing System
- Advertising - National Networks |
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Licensing System
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- government regulations so no two stations broadcast on same frequency
- FCC (Federal Communications Commission) - equal time rule - same pricing and treatment to parties - enforced stations have opposing sides and no single partisanship |
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TV
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- 1939 - first public appearance
- 1949 - 6% - NOW - 99% |
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New Media
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- Bush Senior/Clinton didn't have a site
- 2000 it was expected candidates have one - still lags behind traditional media but will soon become too for mass campaigning |
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The Media
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- tells people what to think about
- doesn't change people's opinion but let's them know how important an issue is - foreign news aren't news to us until the news broadcasts it |
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The CNN Effect
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- when something becomes "breaking news" and "top news" only when CNN broadcasts it
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priming
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- when depending on what news finds important the popularity of political individuals shifts
- Bush was popular during 9/11 but not so much after "weapons of mass destruction" |
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framing
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- the way opinions can be altered based on how news emphasize of under-emphasize parts of an issue
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media biases
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- news = bad news
- news try to find a hero and a villain - want new, exciting and unusual - distorts the coverage for larger developments such as war and foreign affairs |
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professional bias
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- journalists sometimes rely on outside sources for info especially government so there words may not be accurate
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pack journalism
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- when journalists attacking the same story come to an informal consensus on what is news worthy
- reporting the same thing as your opponent only because that's what you think will sell |
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prospects for change
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- purpose of media is not to educate but to make impressions
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campaign coverage
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- criticism over lack of coverage over policy issues and more into little characteristics
- horse race coverage = campaign coverage |
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conventions nowadays
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- less and less as important political events and are now treated as infomercials for the free TV time
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presidential debates
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- more people watch debates than vote
- can change undecideds into a party |
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media coverage of government
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- presidential is given the lions leftovers treatment and is covered as a single individual
- there is less coverage over congress - government is covered in the hero/villain/tragic events basis targeting specific individuals with little consideration towards departments and groups |
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emphasis on conflict
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- media covers controversial comments by politicians
- this is why they'd rather not speak to journalists |
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agenda setting
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- when media affect the issues and problems people think about
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selection principle
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- rule of thumb according to which stories with certain characteristics get chosen over others with those characteristics
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selective exposure
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- you choose what you want to expose yourself to
- if you're mainly Republican you will watch FOX News |
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selective attention
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- when you can have a Republican and a Democrat hear the same debate yet both feel like their parties won the debate
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can the government control the media?
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- with press releases
- leaks - granting access |
