The Lymphatic System And Immunity

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immune system

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the body's defense system against disease

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lymph

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specialized fluid formed in the tissue spaces that returns excess fluid and protien molecules to the blood

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lymphatic vessels

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vessel that carry lymph to its eventual return to the circulatory system

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interstitial fliud (IF)

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fluid located in the microscopic spaces between the cells

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lymphatic duct

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terminal vessel into which lymphatic vessels empty lymph; the duct then empties into the circlatory system

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thoracic duct

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largest lymphatic vessel in the body

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cisterna chyli

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an enlarged pouch on the thoracic duct that serves as a storage area for lymph moving toward its point of entry into the venous system

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lacteals

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a lymphatic vessel located in each villus of the intestines; serves to absorb fat materials from the chyme passing through the small intestine

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lymph nodes

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performs biological filtration of lymph on its way to the circulatory system

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afferent

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to carry toward

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efferent

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to carry away

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thymus

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endrocrine gland located in the mediastrinum; vital part of the body's immune system

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t-lymphocytes
T cells

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cells that are critical to the function of the immune system; produce cell-mediated immunity

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thymosin

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hormone produced by the thymus that is vital to the development and functioning of the body's immune system

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tonsils

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masses of lymphoid tissue; protect against; 3 types

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palatine tonsils

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located on each side of the throat

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pharyngeal tonsils

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(adenoids) near the posterior opening of the nasal cavity

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lingual tonsils

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near the base of the tongue

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inherited immunity or
inborn immuntiy

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immunity to disease that is inherited

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inflammatory response

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nonspecific immune process produced in response to injury and resulting in redness, pain, heat, and swelling and promoting movement of WBC's to the affected area

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humoral or
antibody-mediated immunity

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immunity that is produced when antibodies make antigens unable to harm the body

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antibodies

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substance produced by the body that destroys or inactives a specific substance(antigen) that has entered the body

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complement

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any of several inactive protien enzymes normally present in blood, which when activated kill foreign cells by dissolving them

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combining sites

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antigen-binding sites; antigen receptor regions on an antibody molecule; shape of each combining site is complementary to shape of specific antigen

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antigen

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substance that, when introduced into the body, causes formation of antibodies against it

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agglutinate

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antibodies causing antigens to clump or stick together

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complement cascade

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rapid fire series of chemical reastions involving protiens called complements triggered by certian antibody-antigen reactions and resulting in the formation of tiny protien rings that create holes in a foreign cell and thus cause its destruction

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complement-binding sites

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locations on an antibody molecule that become avaible after exposure to an antigen and that bind to complement protiens in the blood plasma to trigger a complement cascade that harms the antigen-containing cell

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macrophage

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phagocytic cells in the immune system

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kupffer cells

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macrophage found in spaces between liver cells

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dust cells

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macrophages that ingest particulate matter in the small air sacs of the lungs

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B lymphocytes or
B cells

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a lymphocyte; activated B cells develop into plasm cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood

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stem cells

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cells capable of dividing to produce new cell types

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memory cells

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cells that remain in reserve in the lymph nodes until their ability to secrete antibodies is needed

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plasma cell

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cells that secrete copios amounts of antibody into the blood

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cell-mediated immunity

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resistance to disease organisms resulting from the actions of cells; cheifly sensitized T cells

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allergy

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hypersensitivity of the immune system to relatively harmless environmental antigens

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allergens

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harmless environmental antigen that stimulates an allergic reaction in a sensitized person

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contact dermatitis

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a local skin inflammation lasting a few hours or days after being exposed to an antigen

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autoimmunity

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process in which a person's immune system attacks the person's own body tissue- underlying cause of several diseases

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isoimmunity

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immune response to antigens of another human, as in transplanted (grafted) tissues; in some cases it is called rejection syndrome

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human lymphocyte antigens (HLAs)

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type of self-antigen that the immune system uses to distinguish one's own tissue from that of a foreign entity

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immunosuppressive drugs

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compounds that suppress, or reduce, the capacity of the immune system; such drugs are sometimes used to prevent rejection of transplanted tissue

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immune deficiency

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general term for complete or relative failure of the immune system to defend the internal environment of the body

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severe combined immune deficiency (SCID)

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nearly complete failure of the lymphocytes to develop properly, in turn causing failure of the immune system's defense of the body; very rare congenital immune disorder