The Lymphatic System And Immune

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Functions of the lymphatic system

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-return fluid to the circulatory system
-house phagocytic cells and lymphocytes

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phagocytes

Back 2

filter body fluid of foreign material

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lymphocytes

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moniter fluid for antigens

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germinal center in lymph node

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area where new cells are produced

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thymus

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where t cells mature, destroy t cells that cause automimmune diseases

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hilius

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where blood vessels enter an organ

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Spleen in detail

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cleanses blood
-removes aged/defective cells
-macrophages remove debris
stores products from breakdown of RBCs (iron)
site of erythropoiesis in developing fetuses
stores platelets

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MALT

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-trap and destroy bacteria and particulates:exposure to antigen results in heightened immunity
-tonsils
-peyer's patches
-lymphoid nodules in bronchi

Front 9

innate (non-specific) defenses

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surface barriers-skin
cellular defenses-wandering macrophages
chemical defenses-tears, sweat

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adaptive (specific) defenses

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humoral immunity
cell mediated immunity

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humoral immunity

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antibodies target specific infectious agents, involves b-lymphocytes

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cell mediated immunity

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t-cells target cells infected by specific infectious agents

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surface barriers

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skin and mucous membranes
-tight junctions hold cells together in unbroken sheets
-keratin
-skin pH (305) inhibits bacterial growth
-sebum
-stomach secretions
-saliva and tears
-sticky mucous traps microorganisms, keeping them out of respiratory pathways

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keratin

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resistant to weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes and toxins

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sebum

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chemicals are toxic to bacteria, oil glands

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stomach secretions

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acidic with digestive enzymes

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salive and tears

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contain lysozome which break down cells of bacteria

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cellular defenses

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phagocytes
natural killer cells

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phagocytes

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bind to specific carbohydrates on the surface of mateirals, then use lysozome to break the material down
-macrophages-cellular debris and foreign material
-eosinophils-parastic worms

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natural killer cells

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-target many different infected or cancerous cells by identifying certain surface sugars that are present in these cells
-use perforins to kill these cells

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perforin

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proteins that poke holes in cells which cause them to leak protein and cytoplasm -> death

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inflammation symptoms

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heat, redness, swelling, pain

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inflammation stages

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-vasodilation and vascular permeability
-inflammatory chemicals cause vasodilation
-fluids leak from blood into damaged tissues, dilutes harmful chemicals, increases oxygen and nutrient concentration, increases concentration of clotting proteins

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mobilization of phagocytes

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-leukocytosis-neutrophils divide rapidly in marrow
-neutrophils migrate to blood vessels in inflammed area
-neutrophils squeeze through capillary wall and are attracted to chemicals secreted by damaged tissues
-monocytes do same thing but are slower (several hours) but develop into macrophages to finish clean up

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positive chemotaxis

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cells move towards specific chemical