The Lymphatic And Immune Systems

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anti-

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against

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carcin/o

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cancerous

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immun/o

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immune, protection, safe

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lymph/o

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lymph, lympatic tissue

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lymphaden/o

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lymph vessel

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lymphangi/o

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lymph vessel

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neo-, ne/o

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new, strange

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-oma

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tumor, neo

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onc/o

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tumor

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phag/o

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eat, swallow

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-plasm

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formative material of cells

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sarc/o

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flesh, connective tissue

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splen/o

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spleen

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-tic

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pertaining to

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tox/o

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poison, poisonous

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acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

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commonly known as AIDS, is the most advanced and fatal stage of an HIV infection.

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allergen

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is a substance that produces an allergic reaction in an individual.

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anaphylaxis

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or as anaphylactic shock, is a severe response to an allergen.

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antibiotics

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are medications capable of inhibiting growth or killing pathogenic bacterial microorganisms (anti-means against, bio means life, and -tic means pertaining to)

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antibody

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is a disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen.

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antifungal

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is an agent that destroys or in hibits the growth of fungi (anti- means against, fung means fungus, and -al means pertaining to)

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antigen

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any substunce that the body regards as being foreign.

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antigen-antibody reaction

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also known as the immune reaction, involves binding antigens to antibodies. This reaction labels a potentially dangerous antigen so it can be recognized and destoyed by other cells of the immune system

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autoimmune disorder

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also known as an autoimmune disease, is any of a large froup of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues, mistaking healthy cells, tissues or organs for antigens.

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bacilli

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are a rod-shaped spore-forming bacteria (bacilli means rod shaped). The singular is bacillus.

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bacteria

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are one-celled microscopic organisms (singular,bacterium) Most bacteria are not harmful to humans. The following bacteria are pathogenic.

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candidiasis

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also known as a yeast infection. occurs on the skin or mucous membranes in warm moist areas such as the vagina or mouth and are caused by the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans.

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carcinoma

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is a malignant tumor that occurs in the epithelial tissue (carcin means cancer, and -oma means tumor)

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carcinoma in situ

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is a malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues. In situ means in the place where the cancer first occurred.

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complement system

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is a group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form. When needed, these cells complement the ability of antibodies to ward off pathogens by combining with them to dissolve and remove pathogenic bacteria and other foreign cells. Complement means to complete or make whole.

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cytokines

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are a group of proteins such as interferons and interleukins released primarily by the T cells. These cells act as intracellular signals to begin the immune response.

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cytomegalovirus

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(CMV) in found in most body fluids (cyt/o means cell, megal/o means large, vir means virus, and -us is a singular nown ending) It is most often present as a silent infection in which the individual has no signs or symptoms of the infection, although it can potentially cause a serious illness when the individual has a weakened immune system, or when it is transmitted from the mother to her unborn child.

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cytotoxic drug

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is a medication that kills or damages cells ( cyt/o means cell, tox means poison, and -ic means pertaining to).

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ductal carcinoma in situ

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is breast cancer at its earliest stage before the cancer has broken through the wall of the milk duct. At this stage, the cure rate is nearly 100%.

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hemolytic

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destroys worn-out erythrocytes (red blood cells) and releasing their hemoblobin for resuse (hem/o means blood, and -lytic means to destroy)

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herpes zoster

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which is also known as shingles, is an acute viral infection characterized by painful skin reuptions that follow the underlying route of an inflamed nerve.

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Hodgkin's lymphoma

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also known as hodgkin's desease, is distinguished from other lymphomas by the presence of large cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg.

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human immunodeficiency virus

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commonly known as HIV, is a bloodborne infection in which the virus damages or kills the T cells of the immune system, causing it to progressively fail, thus leaving the body at risk of developing many life-threatening opportunistic infections.

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immunodeficiency disorder

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occurs when the immune response is compromised. Compromised means weakened or not functioning properly.

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immunoglobulins

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bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response. The five primary types of immunoglobulins, which are secreted by plasma cells, are also known as antibodies.

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immunotherapy

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also called biological therapy, is a disease treatment that involves either thimulating or repressing the immune response (immun/o means immune and -therapy means treatment).

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infectious mononucleosis

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also known a s mono, is caused byu the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). This condition is characterized by fever, a sorre throat, and enlarged lymph nodes. Swelling of the spleen or liver involvement can also develop.

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infiltrating ductal carcinoma

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also known as invasive ductal carcinoma, starts in the milk duct, breaks though the wall of that duct, and invades the fatty breast tissue.

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interferons

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are produced in response to the presence of antigens, particularly viruses or tumor cells. Interferons activate the immune system, fight viruses by slowing or stoppping their multiplication, and signal other cells to increase their defenses.

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lymphadenitis

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commonly known as swollen glands, is an inflammation of the lymph nodes (lymphaden means lymph node and -itis means inflammation).

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lymphadenopathy

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is any disease process affecting a lymph node or nodes (lymphaden/o means lymph node, and -pathy means disease.

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lymphangioma

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is a benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation of the lymphatic cystem ( lymph means lymph, angi means lymph vessel, -oma means tumor.

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lymphedema

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is swelling of tissues due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues ( lymph means lymph, and -edema means swelling)

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lymphocytes

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also known as lymphoid cells, are leukocytes that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells 9 lymph/o means lymph, and -cytes means cells)

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lymphoma

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is a general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues (lymph means lymph, and -oma means tumor)

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lymphoscintigraphy

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is a diagnostic test that is performed to detect damage or malformations fo the lymphatic vessels. A radioactive substance is injected into lymph ducts, and a scanner or probe is used to follow the movement of the substance on a computer screen. This technique is used to find a sentinel node.

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macrophage

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is a type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invadiing cells (macro- means large, and -phage means a cell that eats). Macrophages also remove dead cells and stimulate the action of aother immune cells.

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malaria

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is caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes and is transferred to humans by the bnite of an infected mosquito. Symptoms develop from 7 days to 4 weeks aftger being infected and include fever, shakiing chills, headache, muscle aches, and tiredness.

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mammography

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is a rediographic examination of the breasts to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cells (mamm/o means breast, and -graphy means the process of producing a picture or record. The result record is a mammogram.

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metastasis

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is the new cancer site that results from the spreading process (meta- means beyond, and -stasis means stopping.) The metastasis can be in the same body system or within another body system at a distance from the primary site (plural, metastases).

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metastasize

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is the process by which cancer spreads from one place to another. The cancer moves from the primary site and metastasizes (spreads) to a secondary site.

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myoma

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is a benign tumor made up of muscle tissue ( my means muscle, and -oma means tumor).

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myosarcoma

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is a malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue (my/o means muscle, sarc means flesh, and -oma means tumor)

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non-Hodgkin's lymphomais caused

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is the term used to describbe all other lymphomas other than Hodgkin's lymphoma, ther are many different types of non Hodkin's lymphoma, some aggressive (fast growing) and some indolent (slow growing).

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opportunistic infection

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is caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in healthy humans. However, when the host is debilitated, these pathogens are able to cause an infection. Debilitated means weakened by another condition.

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osteosarcoma

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is a hard-tissue sarcoma that usually involves the upper shaft of the long bones, pelvis, or knee (oste/o means bone, sarc means flesh, and -oma means tumor.

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parasite

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is a plant or animal that lives on or within another living organism at the expense of that organism.

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rabies

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is an acute viral infection that is transmitted to humans through the bite or saliva of an infected animal.

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rickettsia

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is a small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites. Rocky Mountain spotted fever is caused by a rickettsia that is transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected tick.

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rubella

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also known as German measles or 3 day measles, is a viral infection characterized by a low\-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine, pink rash. Although not usually severe or long lasting, rubella is seroius in a woman during early pregnancy because it can cause defects in a developing fetus.

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sarcoma

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a flesh-like tumor or cancer that starts in the tissues.

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spirochetes

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are long, slender spiral-spiralshaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement.

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splenomegaly

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is an abnormal enlargement of the spleen (splen/o means spleen and -megaly means enlargement). This condition can be due to bleeding caused by an injury, an infectious disease such as monocucleosis, or abnormal functioning of the immune system.

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staphylococci

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are a group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes (staphyl/o means clusters or bunches of grapes, and -cocci means spherical bacteria).

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streptococci

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are bacteria that form a chain (strept/o means twisted chain, and -cocci means spherical bacteria)

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systemic reaction

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which is also described as anaphylaxis or as anaphylactic shock, is a severe response to an allergen.

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teletherapy

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is radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body (tele-means distant, and -therapy means treatment).

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toxoplasmosis

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is another example of a parasite that is most commonly transmitted from pets to humans by contact with contaminated animal feces. A pregant woman should avoid such contact because it can transmit diseases in the developing child such as microcephalus ( an abnormally small head and underdeveloped brain) or hydrocephalus (excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the ventricles of the brain.

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varicella

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also known as chicken-pox, is caused by the herpes virus Varicella zoster and is highly contagious. This condition is characterized by a fever and a rash consisting of hundred.