The Lymphatic And Immune Systems

Front 1

The ___ ___ is both the transport system and barracks of your immune system.

Back 1

lymphatic system

Front 2

a second circulatory system parallel to the cardiovascular system.

Back 2

lymphatic system

Front 3

The lymphatic system has the following four functions:

Back 3

• Recycling fluids lost from the cardiovascular system
• Transporting pathogens to the lymph nodes where they can be destroyed
• Storing and maturing some types of white blood cells
• Absorbing glycerol and fatty acids from food

Front 4

Given that the lymphatic system is intimately connected to the function of the cardiovascular system, it should come as no surprise that the smallest pipes of the lymphatic system, called ___ ___, run parallel to blood capillaries.

Back 4

lymph capillaries

Front 5

structurally similar to blood capillaries, but unlike blood capillaries, ___ ___ are open ended.

Back 5

lymph capillaries

Front 6

Once interstitial fluid enters the lymph capillaries, it is known as ___ ___, or simply ___.

Back 6

lymphatic fluid

lymph

Front 7

The primary component of lymph is ___.

Back 7

water

Front 8

Several lymph capillary networks empty into ___ ___, which are structurally similar to veins.

Back 8

lymphatic vessels

Front 9

Larger lymphatic vessels empty into ___ ___.

Back 9

lymph nodes

Front 10

Ranging in size from a pin head to an olive, and existing either individually or in groups, the lymph nodes can be thought of as ___ strategically placed all along the pathways or vessels of the lymphatic system.

Back 10

filters

Front 11

___ ___ carries digested food, oxygen, and hormones to cells, and then carries waste back to capillaries for excretion.

Back 11

Lymphatic fluid

Front 12

Inside the nodes are sections of lymphatic tissue containing white blood cells known as ___.

Back 12

lymphocytes

Front 13

The lymphatic tissue is surrounded by lymphatic ___ filled with lymph fluid.

Back 13

sinuses

Front 14

masses of lymphocyte-producing lymphatic tissue located in the rear of the pharynx, or throat.

Back 14

Tonsils

Front 15

Lymphatic vessels exiting lymph nodes empty into one of several ___ ___. These trunks, named for their location, are the lumbar, intestinal, intercostal, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, and jugular.

Back 15

lymphatic trunks

Front 16

The lumbar, intestinal, and intercostal trunks all empty into the , which is the largest lymph vessel.

Back 16

thoracic duct

Front 17

The bronchomediastinal, subclavian, and jugular trunks empty into the ___ lymphatic ducta smaller duct within the right thorax that empties into the right subclavian vein

Back 17

right

Front 18

The symptoms of ___ include sore throat, difficulty swallowing, swollen tonsils, fever, upper respiratory symptoms, swollen lymph glands, visible coating or spots on the tonsils, and even upset stomach.

Back 18

tonsillitis

Front 19

___ tonsillitis is generally characterized by a low-grade fever and the presence of upper respiratory symptoms resembling the common cold.

Back 19

Viral

Front 20

___ tonsillitis, generally caused by infection with Streptococcus bacteria (which also causes strep throat), is characterized by higher fever and lack of upper respiratory cold-like symptoms.

Back 20

Bacterial

Front 21

Today ___ are performed only if the tonsillitis has become chronic or the tonsils are so enlarged that they obstruct the patient's airway.

Back 21

tonsillectomies

Front 22

there are two larger collections of lymphatic tissue, known as lymph organs. These lymph organs are the ___ and the ___.

Back 22

thymus

spleen

Front 23

a spongy sac-like mass of lymphatic tissue in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen.

Back 23

spleen

Front 24

One of the functions of the ___ is to remove and destroy old, damaged, or fragile red blood cells.

Back 24

spleen

Front 25

The ___ is a soft organ located between the aortic arch and the sternum

Back 25

thymus

Front 26

The thymus produces lymphocytes that mature into a type of white blood cell called a ___ ___.

Back 26

T lymphocyte

Front 27

a disorder of the lymphatic system in which lymph nodes swell.

Back 27

Lymphadenitis

Front 28

Initial symptoms of lymphadenitis include swelling of ___ ___ due to fluid buildup and increased production of white blood cells.

Back 28

lymph nodes

Front 29

Mononucleosis is a ___ infection that typically affects children and young adults.

Back 29

viral

Front 30

Caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, ___ symptoms are usually milder in younger children than they are in teens and young adults.

Back 30

mononucleosis

Front 31

often referred to as the "kissing disease" because the virus can be transmitted through oral contact and exchange of saliva.

Back 31

Mononucleosis

Front 32

___ ___ or ___ ___, is a rare cancer that affects the lymphatic system. Early symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, unexplained fevers, night sweats, and fatigue.

Back 32

Hodgkin's disease, or Hodgkin's lymphoma

Front 33

Cancer is staged and prognosis is determined by the amount of ___ (spread), type of tumor, and lymph node involvement.

Back 33

metastasis

Front 34

Once the cancerous cells make their way from their point of origin into ___ ___, and if the lymphocytes in the lymph nodes do not overpower the tumor cells, cancer cells can easily move around the body, invading many different areas simultaneously.

Back 34

lymphatic capillaries

Front 35

Though most types of cancer have specific staging criteria, cancer stages generally follow this pattern:

Back 35

• Stage 1, no spread from origin
• Stage 2, spread to nearby tissues
• Stage 3, spread to nearby lymph nodes
• Stage 4, spread to distant tissues and organs

Front 36

Stage 4 cancers are often ___.

Back 36

terminal

Front 37

If the lymphatic system can be considered a transport and storage system for the body's defense systems, then the components of the ___ ___ are the weapons and the actual troops.

Back 37

immune system

Front 38

cells have molecules on the outer surface of their membranes to distinguish whether they are friend or foe. These molecules are called ___.

Back 38

antigens

Front 39

The presence of these unique markers or antigens allows the immune system to distinguish between cells that are naturally yours and cells that are not. This ability, called ___ ___and ___ ___, is at the heart of immune system function.

Back 39

self-recognition and non-self recognition

Front 40

proteins that bind to antigens, eventually leading to their destruction.

Back 40

antibodies

Front 41

___ are called into action when a foreign antigen invades the body.

Back 41

Antibodies

Front 42

The immune system defends the body on two fronts: by ___ immunity and ___ immunity.

Back 42

innate

adaptive

Front 43

___ (natural) immunity is the first line of defense against invasion.

Back 43

Innate

Front 44

___ immunity, as the name suggests, is the body's inborn ability to fight infection.

Back 44

Innate

Front 45

innate immunity can only recognize that something is not ___ to the body; it can't identify the invaders.

Back 45

native

Front 46

Innate immunity is backed up by a platoon of mechanisms that specifically target invaders, can remember invaders from previous encounters (and there¬ fore prepare for future invasions), and can improve responses with experience. These mechanisms are known as ___ ___ or ___ ___,

Back 46

adaptive immunity, or acquired immunity

Front 47

your body has many ___ located in the places where invaders are most likely to gain entrance.

Back 47

barriers

Front 48

___ barriers include skin and the mucous membranes of the eyes, digestive system, respiratory system, and reproductive system.

Back 48

Physical

Front 49

The fluids associated with physical barriers contain chemicals that act as ___ ___.

Back 49

chemical barriers

Front 50

___ barriers are contained in tears, saliva, urine, mucous secretions, and sweat.

Back 50

chemical

Front 51

If an invader has an opportunity to enter the body, white blood cells (___) are responsible for defending the body against invaders.

Back 51

leukocytes

Front 52

a cancer of the bone marrow and blood, characterized by the overproduction of white blood cells.

Back 52

Leukemia

Front 53

In ___ leukemia, blood stem cells divide out of control.

Back 53

myelogenous

Front 54

In ___ leukemia, lymphocytes are the culprit.

Back 54

lymphocytic

Front 55

In ___ leukemias, there is a rapid onset of symptoms caused by the overproduction of immature, nonfunctional cells.

Back 55

acute

Front 56

In ___ leukemias, symptoms develop slowly and patients may even be symptom-free in the early stages of the disease, because the white blood cells, though overproduced, are functional.

Back 56

chronic

Front 57

Chronic ___ leukemia is known to be caused by a particular chromosomal abnormality (the Philadelphia chromosome)

Back 57

myelogenous

Front 58

Symptoms of leukemia are caused by decreased ___ of white blood cells (if cells are immature) and decreased ___ of red blood cells and platelets, which are crowded out by the excessive numbers of white blood cells.

Back 58

function

numbers

Front 59

___ are proteins produced by damaged tissues and white blood cells that stimulate immune response in a variety of ways, including increasing inflammation, stimulating lymphocytes, and enhancing phagocytosis.

Back 59

Cytokines

Front 60

a cytokine produced by cells infected by a virus and binds to neighboring, uninfected cells and stimulates them to produce chemicals that may protect these cells from viruses.

Back 60

Interferon

Front 61

___ ___ ___ or (TNF), another cytokine, stimulates macrophages and also causes cell death in cancer cells.

Back 61

Tumor necrosis factor

Front 62

Many cytokines are types of molecules called ___ and are involved in nearly every aspect of innate and adaptive immunity..

Back 62

interleukins

Front 63

Complement ___ is a complex series of reactions that activate 20 proteins that are usually inactive in the blood unless activated by a pathogen invasion.

Back 63

cascade

Front 64

When these proteins are activated, they have a variety of effects, including ___ of bacterial cell membranes, stimulation of phagocytosis, attraction of white blood cells to the site of infection, clumping of cells with foreign antigens, and alteration of the structure of viruses.

Back 64

lysis

Front 65

"LYSIS"

Back 65

to breakdown or destroy

Front 66

wall off the infected area to prevent fur¬ ther spread and allow the battle to focus at this site. This process is called ___ and is an attempt to isolate the problem.

Back 66

margination

Front 67

inflammation that becomes systemic, spreading throughout the whole body. This type of inflammation, called ___, often causes blood pressure to plummet due to widespread vasodilation.

Back 67

anaphylaxis

Front 68

Some people who are allergic to insect stings, nuts, or shellfish may experience this

Back 68

anaphylaxis

Front 69

One of the cytokine targets in the brain is the ___, which is responsible for setting and maintaining body temperature.

Back 69

hypothalamus

Front 70

Under the stimulation of cytokines, the hypothalamus raises the body's ___ set point.

Back 70

temperature

Front 71

The presence of a foreign antigen is detected by ___.

Back 71

neutrophils

Front 72

Neutrophils ingest the ___ ___, destroying it, and release chemicals (cytokines, for example) that attract other white blood cells to the site of infection and stimulate inflammation.

Back 72

foreign antigen

Front 73

The release of cytokines and stimulation of inflammation attract ___ and ___ ___ (NK) cells to the infection site.

Back 73

macrophages and natural killer

Front 74

Macrophages destroy more infected cells by ___.

Back 74

phagocytosis

Front 75

NK cells use ___ to destroy infected cells.

Back 75

chemicals

Front 76

Fighting specific pathogens is the job of ___ immunity. This part of the immune system has memory, "learns" with experience, and recognizes specific pathogens.

Back 76

adaptive

Front 77

Like any professional firefighter, lymphocytes must be ___.

Back 77

selected

Front 78

During positive ___, lymphocytes that recognize and bind to antigens are allowed to survive.

Back 78

selection

Front 79

The destruction of self-recognizing lymphocytes is known as ___ selection.

Back 79

negative

Front 80

___ ___ occur when the immune system attacks some part of the body.

Back 80

Autoimmune disorders

Front 81

These are all examples of what type of disorders?
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Multiple sclerosis
• Lupus erythematosis
• Type 1 diabetes
• Myasthenia gravis
• Graves' disease
• Addison's disease

Back 81

autoimmune disorders

Front 82

Most autoimmune disorders can be treated with ___ drugs, but treatment may not be spectacularly successful and side effects are often severe.

Back 82

immunosuppressant

Front 83

___ ___ (RA) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks the synovial membrane of a patient's joints.

Back 83

Rheumatoid arthritis

Front 84

Drugs to treat RA include ___ ___ ___ ___ (DMARDs) such as injected gold, methotrexate (a cancer drug), or plaquinil (a malaria drug).

Back 84

disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs

Front 85

For patients who have used DMARDs unsuccessfully or for whom DMARDs have stopped working, there is a newer class of drugs called ___ ___ ___ (BRMs) that includes Humira, Enbrel, and Remicade.

Back 85

biological response modifiers

Front 86

In the past, ___ ___ ___ (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen and naproxen were initially prescribed for RA, but NSAIDs are ineffective in halting the progression of joint damage.

Back 86

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Front 87

___ ___ ___ (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks a variety of structures in the body.

Back 87

Systemic lupus erythematosis

Front 88

While undifferentiated lymphocytes are produced in the bone marrow, some migrate to the thymus and are destined to become ___ cells. Others stay, develop, and mature in the bone marrow to become ___ cells.

Back 88

T cells

B cells

Front 89

undifferentiated lymphocytes must undergo a maturation process to become ___ — in otherwords, to grow up to be a specialized cell with a specialized function.

Back 89

differentiated

Front 90

It causes lymphocytes to circulate continuously in the bloodstream and activates the lymph system to combat the pathogen.

Back 90

lymphocyte activation

Front 91

Lymphocyte activation is the beginning of which type immunity.

Back 91

adaptive

Front 92

The activated lymphocytes must make thousands of copies of themselves in order to fight off the thousands of pathogens reproducing in the body. This reproduction of lymphocytes is called ___ ___.

Back 92

lymphocyte proliferation

Front 93

(AIDS) ___ ___ ___ ___ is an immune deficiency disorder caused by infection with the (HIV) ___ ___ ___.

Back 93

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

human immunodeficiency virus

Front 94

HIV causes ___ directly killing helper T cells, by destroying lymph nodes through their chronic infection, and by decreasing the amount of immune-enhancing chemicals in the body.

Back 94

AIDS

Front 95

Some people who are infected with HIV remain asymptomatic. Others may have ___ ___ ___ (ARC) or full-blown AIDS.

Back 95

AIDS-related complex

Front 96

Patients with ___ catch infections that are virtually unknown in humans or become very ill from viruses, fungi, and bacteria that are typically mild in patients with normal immune systems.

Back 96

AIDS

Front 97

HIV is diagnosed by medical history and by a blood test that detects very low helper ___ cell count.

Back 97

T cells

Front 98

while innate immunity has been holding down the fort, ___ ___ ___ (ADCs), also known as Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) have sent out a signal calling on the weapons of adaptive immunity, B cells and T cells.

Back 98

Antigen Displaying Cells

Front 99

___ cells are responsible for a type of adaptive immunity known as antibody mediated immunity.

Back 99

B cells

Front 100

B cells develop into ___ cells and ___ B cells.

Back 100

plasma

memory

Front 101

Plasma cells make ___ and release them into the bloodstream.

Back 101

antibodies

Front 102

Antibodies destroy pathogens using several methods. This response to the pathogen is called the ___ response.

Back 102

primary

Front 103

If the body is exposed to the same pathogen in the future, memory cells allow it to mount a much faster response to the invasion. This response is known as ___ response and is responsible for the ability of adaptive immunity to improve with experience

Back 103

secondary

Front 104

There are at least ___ types of T cells.

Back 104

four

Front 105

Helper ___ cells are responsible for activation of B and T cells.

Back 105

T cells

Front 106

___ T cells are responsible for a part of adaptive immune response known as cell-mediated immunity, so called because the cytotoxic T cells are directly responsible for the death of pathogens or pathogen-infected cells.

Back 106

Cytotoxic

Front 107

What are the four types of T cells?

Back 107

helper T cells
cytotoxic T cells
regulatory T cells (formerly known as suppressor T cells)
memory T cells.

Front 108

Cytotoxic T cells release a cytokine called ___, which causes infected cells to develop holes in their membranes and die.

Back 108

perforin

Front 109

___ ___ cells are the off-switch for the immune system.

Back 109

Regulatory T cells

Front 110

Like memory B cells, ___ ___ cells are responsible for secondary response, storing the recognition of the pathogen until the next encounter

Back 110

memory T cells

Front 111

___ active immunity is acquired in the course of daily life.

Back 111

Natural

Front 112

___ active immunity is acquired during vaccinations.

Back 112

Artificial

Front 113

Babies acquire ___ passive immunity to many pathogens via antibodies passed across the placenta or during breast feeding.

Back 113

natural

Front 114

___ passive immunity is acquired when antibodies from one person are injected into another to help fight infection.

Back 114

Artificial

Front 115

During a hypersensitivity reaction, more commonly known as an ___, the immune system mounts a hyperactive response to a foreign antigen, often treating a harmless antigen, like grass or mold or insect bite, as an invading pathogen.

Back 115

allergy

Front 116

NSAIDs relieve pain and inflammation by inhibiting a group of hormones called ____.

Back 116

prostaglandins

Front 117

A class of drugs prescribed to decrease the activity of an overactive immune system are ____ drugs.

Back 117

anti-inflammatory

Front 118

Severe decreased T cell production (and sometimes other cells) caused by a number of different genetic defects.

Back 118

Severe combined immune deficiency (SCID)

Front 119

Overreaction of the immune system to typically harmless antigens, such as mold, pollen, or animal fur.

Back 119

Allergies

Front 120

Skin and tears are examples of ___.

Back 120

barriers