The Lymphatic And Immune System

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Complement System

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Often simply called complement, is composed of a number of blood plasma protiens designated by the letter C and a number.

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Cytokines

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They attract white blood cells.and monocytes. If neutrophils are overwhelmed they call them for reinforcements.

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Macrophages

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Monocytes become these they are even more powerful phagocytes than neutrophils. They can enlist the help of lymphocytes to carry out specific defence mechanisms.

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Antihistamines

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Neutrophils

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Lymph Nodes

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Occur along the lymphatic vessels, and filter lymph. Connective tissue forms a capsule and divides a lymph node in compartments. When the body is fighting infection the nodes can swell from 1/2 an inch to 2 inches in diameter.

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Lymphatic noduels

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Concentration of lymphoid tissue not surrounded by a capsule. Ex: the tonsils.

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Peyer patches

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Located in the intestinal wall an tissues within the appendix, a small extension of the large intestine, and encounter pathogens that enter the body by way of the intestinal tract.

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Lysozyme

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An antibacterial enzyme, contained in perspiration, saliva, and tears.

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Adaptive Immunity and Innate Immunity

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...pg134

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Polypeptide

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...pg139

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Antibody

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....pg139

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Neutralization

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The process where antibodies react with viruses and toxins by coating them completely.

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Monoclonal Antibodies

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...pg 139

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Classes of Antibodies

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Antigen binding sites

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Pg 139

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Lymphatic Vessels

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Thye form a one-way system of capillaries to vessels and, finally to ducts. These vessels take lymph to cardiovascular veins in the shoulders. These also take up excess interstital fluid.

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Lymph

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...

Front 19

Red Bone Marrow

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Produces all types of blood cells. In a child, most bones have red bone marrow; in an adult, it is limited to the sternum, the vertebrae, the ribs, and part of the pelvic girdle, and the upper parts of the humerus and femur.

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B and T cells

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Types of lymphocytes B matures in bone marrow and T in the thymus. If a B cell reacts with cells of the body it is removed in the bone marrow and does not enter the circulation. This ensuring that the B cells dont harm the body.

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Spleen

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It filters blood . it is the largest lymphatic organ, it is located in the upper left region of the abdominal cavity posterior to the stomach.

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Lymphatic organs

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Front 23

Cell-mediated immunity

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Named for the action of T cells that directly attack diseased cells and cancer cells.

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Antigen-Presenting Cell (ACP)

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...pg 140

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Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

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Pg.140

MHC1-

MHC2-

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Human Leukocyte

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Human MHC protiens pg 140

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Cytotoxic T (Tc)

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These have storage vacuoles containing perforins and storage vacoules containing enzymes and granzymes. When they bind to the virus-infected cells or tumor cells it releases preforin molecules. (SEE Cell-mediated immunity)

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Cell-mediated Immunity

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...pg 141

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B Cells

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-antibody-mediated immunity gainst pathogens

-Produced and mature in bone marrow

- Directly recognize antigen and then undergi clonal selection.

-Clonal expansion produces antibody secreting plasma cells as well as memory.

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T Cells

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T cells mature in the thymus help to fight infections.

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Passive immunity

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P 143

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Interleukins

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Produced by various white blood cells. To help the body fight cancers ...1r3

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Antibody Titer

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The amount of antibody present in a sample of plasma.

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Lymph

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A colorless liquid (creamy after eating because of its fatty content). It is found in the lymphatic vessels.

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Thymus

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Lymphatic organ located along the trachea behind the sternum , involved in the maturation of T lymphocytes in the thymus gland. Secretes hormones called thymosins which aid in the maturation of T cells and perhaps stimulate immune cells in general

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Spleen

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Lobule

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Lysozyme

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..

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Hystimine

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Cytokines

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Macrophages

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Complement system

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Interferons

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Antigens

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Plasma cells

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Characteristics of B cells

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1. Antibody-mediated immunity against pathogens

2. produced and mature in bone marrow.

3. directly recognize antigen and then undergo conal selection.

4. conal expansion creates antibody -secreting plasma cells as well as memory B cells.

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Plasma cells

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Apoptosis

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Antibody-mediated immunity

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Structure of an antibody

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Front 51

Classes of antibodies

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p. 139

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Monoclonal antibodies

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T-cell receptors (TCR)

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Antigen-presenting cell

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Major h.istocompatibility complex

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Human leukocyte antigens (HLA)

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Cytotoxic T-cells

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Cell-mediated immunity

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Helper T-cells (Th)

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Memory T-cells

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Characteristics of T-cells

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1. Cell mediated immunity against virus-infected cells and cancer cells

2. produced in bone marrow, mature in thymus

3. antigen must be present in groove of an HLA (MHC) molecule

4. Cytotoxic T-cells destroy nonself antigen-bearing cells

5. Helper T-cells secrete cytokines that control the immune response

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Active immunity

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Passive immunity

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Immunizations

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Vaccines

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Antibody titer

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Interleukins

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Allergens

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Immediate allergic response

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Allergies

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anaphylactic shock

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Delayed allergic response

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Immunosuppressive

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Zenotransplantation

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Severe combined immunodeficiency

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Autoimmune disease

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Rheumatoid arthritis

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Systemic lupus erythemosis

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Myasthenia gravis

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multiple sclerosis

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