The Lympathic System

Front 1

Define Hodgkins disease.

Back 1

Malignancy of lymph nodes; contains Reed-Sternberg cells.

Front 2

Define Lymphoma.

Back 2

Any neoplasm (tumor) of the lymphoid tissue, benign or malignant.

Front 3

What is Mononucleosis?

Back 3

Viral disease (aka Kissing disease) common in adolescents and young adults; Caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, which attacks B lymphocytes.

Front 4

Define Non-Hodgkins lymphoma.

Back 4

Includes all cancers of lymphoid tissues except Hodgkins disease. Involves uncontrolled multiplication and metastasis of undifferentiated lymphocytes; 5th most common cancer.

Front 5

What is the sentinel node?

Back 5

The 1st node that receives lymph drainage from a body area suspected of being cancerous.

Front 6

Which two ducts receive lymph from the body?

Back 6

Right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

Front 7

How is lymphatic flow maintained?

Back 7

By skeletal muscle contraction, pressure changes in thorax. Backflow prevented by valves.

Front 8

What type of cells may spread through the body via the lymphatic stream?

Back 8

Pathogens and cancer cells.

Front 9

What type of cells are found in lymphoid tissues?

Back 9

Lymphocytes (T cells or B cells), plasma cells, macrophages and reticular cells that form the lymphoid tissue stroma.

Front 10

What type of tissue is contained in lymphoid tissue?

Back 10

Reticular connective tissue.

Front 11

What is the function of lymphoid tissue?

Back 11

To house macrophages and lymphocytes.

Front 12

What are lymph nodes?

Back 12

Principal lymphoid organs that are discrete encapsulated structures containing reticular tissue. Lymph nodes filter lymph and help activate immune system.

Front 13

What makes up a lymph node?

Back 13

Fibrous capsule, cortex and medulla.

Front 14

What type of cells are found in the cortex?

Back 14

Lymphocytes

Front 15

What type of cells are found in the medulla?

Back 15

Macrophages

Front 16

How does lymph circulate within lymph nodes?

Back 16

Lymph enters on convex side via afferent lymphatic vessels, enters subcapsular sinus that goes through cortex, medulla. Exits at hilus via efferent vessels.

Front 17

What are the 2 functions of lymph nodes?

Back 17

To filter microorganisms entering lymph, preventing them from being delivered to the blood, and to help activate immune system.

Front 18

What type of cells do the spleen, thymus, tonsils, and Peyers patches contain?

Back 18

Macrophages and lymphocytes.

Front 19

Where is the spleen located within the body?

Back 19

On the left side of the abdominal cavity just beneath the diaphragm, it curls around the anterior aspect of the stomach.

Front 20

How does the spleen get blood?

Back 20

From the large splenic artery and vein, which enter and exit the hilus.

Front 21

What are some functions of the spleen?

Back 21

- extracting aged, defective blood cells and platelets from blood
- its macrophages remove debris and foreign matter from blood

Front 22

What are 3 additional functions of the spleen?

Back 22

Storing breakdown products of RBCs for later reuse and releasing others to blood for processing by liver.

Site of erythrocyte production in fetus.

Stores blood platelets.

Front 23

What is white pulp?

Back 23

Areas composed mostly of lymphocytes suspended on reticular fibers.

Front 24

What is red pulp?

Back 24

All remaining splenic tissue, that is, the venous sinuses (blood sinusoids) and the splenic cords, regions of reticular connective tissue exceptionally rich in macrophages.

Front 25

What is the purpose of white pulp?

Back 25

Immune functions of the spleen.

Front 26

What is the purpose of red pulp?

Back 26

Disposing of worn-out RBCs and bloodborne pathogens.

Front 27

What type of tissue does the thymus develop from?

Back 27

Endoderm

Front 28

What hormones does the thymus secrete?

Back 28

Thymosin and Thymopoietin.

Front 29

What is an important function of the thymus?

Back 29

It causes T lymphocytes to become immunocompetent (function against specific pathogens in the immune response).

Front 30

Describe the thymus functional changes during aging.

Back 30

During childhood, increases in size when most active. During adolescence, growth stops and starts to atrophy. By old age, replaced by fibrous, fatty tissue.

Front 31

How does the thymus differ from other lymphatic organs?

Back 31

Is only lymphoid organ that doesn't fight antigens.

Second, the thymus' stroma consists of epithelial cells.

Front 32

Where are the palatine tonsils located?

Back 32

On either side at the posterior end of the oral cavity.

Front 33

What two things should you know about palatine tonsils?

Back 33

Largest tonsils and ones most often infected.

Front 34

Where are the lingual tonsils located?

Back 34

At the base of the tongue.

Front 35

Where are the pharygeal tonsils located?

Back 35

In the posterior wall of the nasopharynx.

Front 36

What are Peyer's patches?

Back 36

Large isolated clusters of lymphoid follicles, (similar to tonsils), located in wall of distal portion of the small intestine.

Front 37

Name the lymphoid organs.

Back 37

Lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus, and Peyer's patches of the intestine.

Front 38

What is the function of T cells?

Back 38

To manage immune response and directly attack and destroy foreign cells.

Front 39

What is the function of B cells?

Back 39

B cells protect the body by producing plasma cells.

Front 40

Afferent lymphatic vessels

Back 40

Vessels leading toward lymph nodes.

Front 41

Subcapsular sinus

Back 41

Large, baglike sinus leading into a number of smaller sinuses.

Front 42

Hilus

Back 42

Indented region on concave side of node leading into efferent vessels.

Front 43

Efferent lymphatic vessels

Back 43

Vessels going away from lymph nodes.

Front 44

What type of tissue does all lymphoid organs (except thymus) develop from?

Back 44

Mesenchymal cells of mesoderm.

Front 45

What is an antigen?

Back 45

Anything the body perceives as foreign (bacteria, viruses, cancer cells).

Front 46

Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)

Back 46

Small lymphoid tissues found in digestive and respiratory tracts.

Front 47

The function of MALT is:

Back 47

Protects digestive and respiratory tracts from attacks of foreign matter entering mucosa-lined cavities.

Front 48

The function of Peyer's patches is:

Back 48

To destroy bacteria in appendix and generate Memory lymphocytes for long term memory in intestine.

Front 49

The function of tonsils is:

Back 49

Guard throat by "inviting" bacteria into lymphatic system to destroy them.

Front 50

What is the first lymphoid organ to appear in human development?

Back 50

The thymus.

Front 51

The function of the spleen is:

Back 51

To provide a large, blood-filled site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response; cleanse blood.

Front 52

What are plasma cells?

Back 52

Daughter cells that secrete antibodies into the blood.

Front 53

What immunocompetent cell produces plasma cells?

Back 53

B cells (or B lymphocytes)

Front 54

The lymph node has 2 histologically distinct regions; name them.

Back 54

The cortex and medulla.

Front 55

Entry of lymph into lymphatic capillaries is promoted by what?

Back 55

ONe-way minivalves formed by overlapping endothelial cells.

Front 56

What are lateals?

Back 56

Highly specialized lymphatic capillaries that absorb digested fats from intestine.

Front 57

What channels (small to large) does lymph flow through?

Back 57

Lymphatic capillaries, collecting vessels, trunks, ducts.

Front 58

Lymph nodes are found in which body regions?

Back 58

Cervical, inguinal, axillary (under arms).

Front 59

What are the components of MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue)?

Back 59

Peyer's patches, appendix, tonsilslymphoid follicles in bronchi.