The Language Of Medicine Chapter 7 Vocab & Concepts

Front 1

Three nitrogenous wastes left over after proteins are used by body cells:

Back 1

urea, creatinine, uric acid

Front 2

Composed of water, salts, and acids; the waste formed by the kidneys by filtering blood

Back 2

urine

Front 3

Kidneys do what two things?

Back 3

filter nitrogenous wastes from the blood; maintain proper balance between water, electrolytes, and acids in body fluids

Front 4

Small molecules that conduct an electrical charge; necessary fro proper function of muscle and nerve cells

Back 4

electrolytes

Front 5

Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+) are examples of what in the body?

Back 5

electrolytes

Front 6

Hormone secreted by the kidney to raise blood pressure

Back 6

renin

Front 7

Hormone produced by the kidney to stimulate red blood cell production in bone marrow

Back 7

erythropoietin (EPO)

Front 8

Active form of Vitamin D secreted by the kidneys necessary for the absorption of calcium from the intestine

Back 8

calciferol

Front 9

One of two bean-shaped organs behind the abdominal cavity on either side of the spine in the lumbar region; each protected by a cushion of adipose tissue and fibrous connective tissue

Back 9

kidney

Front 10

Outer region of the kidney

Back 10

cortex

Front 11

Inner region of the kidney

Back 11

medulla

Front 12

Depression on the medial border of the kidney

Back 12

hilum

Front 13

One of two muscular tubes lines with mucous membrane; carry urine and peristaltic waves from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

Back 13

ureters

Front 14

Hollow, muscular sac which acts as a temporary reservoir for urine

Back 14

Urinary bladder

Front 15

Triangular region at the base of the bladder where the ureters enter and the urethra exits

Back 15

trigone

Front 16

Tube which carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

Back 16

Urethra

Front 17

Process of expelling urine through the urethra

Back 17

urination or voiding

Front 18

External opening of the urethra

Back 18

urinary meatus

Front 19

Smallest arteries are called

Back 19

arterioles

Front 20

Vessel through which blood enters each kidney from the aorta

Back 20

renal arteries

Front 21

In which region go the renal arteries enter the kidney

Back 21

hilum

Front 22

Each arteriole in the cortex of the kidney leads into a mass of very tiny, coiled, and intertwined smaller blood vessels called:

Back 22

glomeruli

Front 23

Collection of tiny capillaries formed in the shape of a small ball at the end of each arteriole of the kidney

Back 23

glomerulus

Front 24

About how many glomerulus are there in the cortex of each kidney?

Back 24

1 M

Front 25

The process by which the kidneys produce urine

Back 25

filtration

Front 26

What is the "filter" of the kidneys?

Back 26

the thin walls of each glomerulus

Front 27

Tiny cup-like structure (surrounding each glomerulus) in which water, salts, sugar, and urea collect after filtration

Back 27

glomerular (bowman) capsule

Front 28

Long, twisted tube attached to each glomerular capsule which allows sugar, water, and sodium to reabsorb into the bloodstream.

Back 28

renal tubule

Front 29

Active process in the creation of urine which ensure the body retains essential substances such as sugar, water, and sodium

Back 29

reabsorption

Front 30

The final process in the formation of urine in which toxins are released from the bloodstream into the renal tubule

Back 30

secretion

Front 31

What are the only things which stay in the renal tubule (5)?

Back 31

Wastes

Water

Salt

Acid

Some drugs

Front 32

What percent of urine is water? What is the remaining made up of?

Back 32

95%; other 5% made up of urea, creatinine, salts, acids, and drugs

Front 33

Larger tube in which completed urine flows from the renal tubules

Back 33

collecting tubule

Front 34

Combination of a glomerulus and a renal tubule forms a unit called a:

Back 34

nephron

Front 35

Basin-like area in the central kidney in which collecting tubules lead into

Back 35

renal pelvis

Front 36

Small, cup-like regions of the renal pelvis:

Back 36

calyces or calices (singular: calyx or calix)

Front 37

Renal pelvis narrows into the:

Back 37

Ureter

Front 38

Vessel which carries urine to the urinary bladder from a kidney

Back 38

ureter

Front 39

What type of muscles control the exit area of the bladder to the urethra?

Back 39

sphincter

Front 40

Opening or canal

Back 40

meatus

Front 41

Caliectasis

Back 41

Widening of the calyx

Front 42

caliceal

Back 42

Pertaining to the calyx

Front 43

cystitis

Back 43

Inflammation of the urinary bladder

Front 44

cystectomy

Back 44

removal of the urinary bladder

Front 45

glomerular capsule

Back 45

capsule of the glomerulus

Front 46

meatal stenosis

Back 46

Tightening of an opening

Front 47

paranephric

Back 47

beside or near the kidneys; pertaining to abnormal kidneys

Front 48

nephropathy

Back 48

disease condition of the kidney

Front 49

nephroptosis

Back 49

prolapse or falling of the kidney

Front 50

nephrolitotomy

Back 50

incision of the kidney to remove kidney stones

Front 51

nephrostomy

Back 51

opening from the kidney to the outside of the body for removal of fluids when ureter is blocked

Front 52

hydronephrosis

Back 52

abnormal condition of too much fluid in the kidney

Front 53

pyelolithotomy

Back 53

incision of the renal pelvis for the removal of a stone

Front 54

renal ischemia

Back 54

cutting off or removal of blood supply to the kidney

Front 55

renal colic

Back 55

Intermittent spasms of pain caused by inflammation of the kidney

Front 56

trigonitis

Back 56

inflammation of the trigone

Front 57

ureteroplasty

Back 57

surgical repair of the ureter

Front 58

ureteroileostomy

Back 58

after cystectomy, a portion of the ileum is used as a makeshift bladder; AKA ileal conduit

Front 59

urethritis

Back 59

inflammation of the urethra

Front 60

urethroplasty

Back 60

surgical repair of the urethra

Front 61

urethral stricture

Back 61

abnormal narrowing or opening of the urethra

Front 62

intravesical

Back 62

pertaining to within the bladder

Front 63

vesicoureteral reflux

Back 63

abnormal flow of urine from the bladder back into the ureters

Front 64

albuminuria

Back 64

Condition in which small amounts of protein (specifically albumin) leak out of damages glomeruli

Front 65

azotemia

Back 65

elevated levels of nitrogen in the blood

Front 66

bacteriuria

Back 66

bacteria in the urine (usually sign of UTI)

Front 67

polydipsia

Back 67

abnormally great thirst as a sign of disease

Front 68

hyperkalemia

Back 68

elevated levels of potassium in the blood

Front 69

ketosis

Back 69

abnormal condition of acids collecting in the blood

Front 70

ketonuria

Back 70

condition of acids collecting in the urine

Front 71

nephrolithiasis

Back 71

kidney stones

Front 72

hyponatremia

Back 72

deficient sodium in the blood due to excessive water intake

Front 73

nocturia

Back 73

excessive urination at night

Front 74

oliguria

Back 74

scanty amounts of urination

Front 75

erythropoietin

Back 75

substance which promotes the formation of red blood cells

Front 76

pyuria

Back 76

pus in the urine

Front 77

lithotripsy

Back 77

crushing of the kidney stones

Front 78

uremia

Back 78

abnormal concentration of nitrogenous wastes in the blood

Front 79

enuresis

Back 79

condition of being in urine; bed-wetting

Front 80

diuresis

Back 80

increase (complete) excretion of urine

Front 81

antidiuretic hormone

Back 81

hormone which promotes water reabsorption

Front 82

Urinary incontinence

Back 82

loss of control of passage of urine

Front 83

urinary retention

Back 83

symptom occuring when outflow of urine is blocked

Front 84

dysuria

Back 84

painful or difficult urination

Front 85

anuria

Back 85

inability to urinate (sign of renal failure or UT obstruction)

Front 86

hematuria

Back 86

blood in the urine

Front 87

glycosuria

Back 87

sugar in the urine

Front 88

polyuria

Back 88

symptom of both diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus

Front 89

Ten examples of urinalysis tests:

Back 89

Color

Appearance

pH

Protein

Glucose

Specific Gravity

Ketone Bodies

Sediment and Casts

Phenylketonuria

Bilirubin

Front 90

Normal urine color

Back 90

yellow

Front 91

Cloudy or turbid appearance of urine indicates

Back 91

UTI with pus and bacteria

Front 92

pH of normal urine

Back 92

slightly acidic -- 6.5

Front 93

Slightly alkaline urine indicates

Back 93

bacteria in the urine

Front 94

Recognizable amounts of albumin in the urine may be an early sign of:

Back 94

diabetes mellitus

Front 95

Glucose in the urine indicates:

Back 95

diabetes mellitus

Front 96

Higher-than-normal specific gravity of urine could indicated __________ in the blood, and sign of __________ __________.

Back 96

glucose; diabetes mellitus

Front 97

Occurs in diabetes mellitus when cells deprived of sugar are forced to use up fat for energy.

Back 97

ketonuria

Front 98

_________ & __________ occur as fat is catabolized abnormally

Back 98

ketonuria; ketosis

Front 99

__________ in the blood can increase acidity of the urine; this is also called:

Back 99

ketones; ketoacidosis

Front 100

Ketoacidosis can lead to:

Back 100

coma and death

Front 101

Rare condition in which a baby is born unable to break down amino acid phenalaline, resulting to high levels of it in the urine; can lead to mental retardation

Back 101

Phenylketonuria

Front 102

Pigment substance resulting from hemoglobin breakdown found in urine:

Back 102

bilirubin

Front 103

Condition of bilirubin in the urine:

Back 103

bilirubinuria

Front 104

glomerulonephritis

Back 104

inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney

Front 105

interstitial nehritis

Back 105

inflammation of the connective tissue that lies between renal tubules

Front 106

nephrolithiasis

Back 106

kidney stones

Front 107

nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis)

Back 107

group of clinical signs and symptoms caused b excessive protein loss in urine

Front 108

polycystic kidney disease

Back 108

multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within and on the kidney

Front 109

pyelonephritis

Back 109

inflammation of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma

Front 110

Two signs of nephrosis:

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edema; hypoalbuminemia

Front 111

asymptomatic

Back 111

without symptoms

Front 112

Essential and distinctive tissue

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parenchyma

Front 113

Renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)

Back 113

Cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood

Front 114

Renal failure

Back 114

decrease in excretion of wastes resulting from impaired filtration function

Front 115

Renal hypertension

Back 115

High blood pressure resulting from kidney disease

Front 116

Essential hypertension

Back 116

high blood pressure with unknown cause

Front 117

Essential hypertension can cause

Back 117

Arterial and arteriolar damage

Stroke

Myocardial infarction (heart attack)

Heart failure

Renal failure

Front 118

Wilms tumor

Back 118

malignant tumor of the kidney occuring in childhood

Front 119

bladder cancer

Back 119

malignant tumor of the urinary bladder

Front 120

diabetes insipidus (DI)

Back 120

antidiuretic (ADH) is not secreted , or there is a resistance of the kidney to ADH

Front 121

diabetes mellitus (DM)

Back 121

Insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects

Front 122

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Back 122

measurement of urea levels in blood

Front 123

creatinine clearance

Back 123

measurement of the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the bod by the kidney

Front 124

CT urography

Back 124

X-ray images obtained using computed tomography show multiple cross-sectional and other views of the kidney

Front 125

kidneys, ureteres, and bladder (KUB)

Back 125

X-ray examination (without contrast) of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder

Front 126

renal angiography

Back 126

x-ray examination (with contrast) of the blood vessels and kidney

Front 127

retrograde pyelogram (RP)

Back 127

x-ray image of the renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast through a urinary cathether into the ureters from the bladder

Front 128

voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)

Back 128

x-ray image (with contrast) of the urinary bladder and urethra obtained while the patient is voiding

Front 129

ultrasonography

Back 129

imaging of the urinary tract structures using high-frequency sound waves

Front 130

radioisotope scan

Back 130

image of the kidney obtained after injecting a radioactive substance (radioisotope) into the bloodstream

Front 131

MRI urography

Back 131

changing magnetic field produces images of the kidney and surrounding structures in three planes of the body

Front 132

Cystoscopy

Back 132

direct visual examination of the urethra and urinary bladder with an endoscope

Front 133

dialysis

Back 133

process of separating nitrogenous waste material from the blood

Front 134

hemodialysis (HD)

Back 134

artificial kidney machine receives waste-filled blood from bloodstream, filters it, and returns it to the body

Front 135

peritoneal dialysis (PD)

Back 135

catheter is used to introduce fluid into the peritoneal cavity which draws waste materials out of the bloodstream and into itself; the waste-filled fluid is the drained through the same catheter

Front 136

lithotripsy

Back 136

crushing of urinary tract stones

Front 137

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

Back 137

uses shock waves directed toward the stone from the outside of the body; stones are then passed out of the body in urine

Front 138

renal angioplasty

Back 138

dilation of narrowed areas in renal arteries

Front 139

renal biospy

Back 139

removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination

Front 140

renal transplantation

Back 140

surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient

Front 141

urinary catheterization

Back 141

passage of a flexible, tubular instrument through the urethra into the urinary bladder