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83 Cards in this Set
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adaptive immunity |
Ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them. Humoral (B cells) and cell mediated immunity (T cells) are examples |
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adenoids |
Mass of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx |
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antibody |
Protein produced by B cells to destroy antigens |
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Antigen |
Substance that the body recognizes as foreign. Evokes an immune response. Most antigens are proteins or protein fragments found on the surface of bacteria, viruses, or organ transplant tissue cells |
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Axillary nodes |
Lymph nodes in the armpit |
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B cell (B lymphocyte) |
Lymphocyte that matures into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies. The B refers to Bursa of fabricius, and Organ and birds in which B cell differentation and growth were first noted to occur |
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Cell Mediated immunity |
T cells (cytotoxic, helper and suppressor) that response to antigens and destroy them. A type of adaptive immunity |
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Cervical nodes |
Lymph nodes in the neck region |
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Complement system |
Proteins in the blood that help antibodies kill their target |
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Cytokines |
Protein secreted by cytotoxic T cells to aid in antigen destruction. Examples are interferons and interleukins |
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Cytotoxic T cells |
Lymphocyte that directly kills antigens. Called cd8-positive T cell |
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Dendritic cell |
Antigen-presenting cell. Shows T & B cells what to attack |
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Helper T cell |
Lymphocyte that aids B cells and stimulates T cells. Also called cd4-positive T cell |
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Humoral immunity |
B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens. Type of adaptive immunity |
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Immunity |
Body's ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins that damage tissues and organs. This includes a natural immunity and adaptive immunity |
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Immunoglobulins |
Antibodies such as I GA, IgE, IgG, IgM, IgD. Secreted by plasma cells (mature B cells) in response to the presence of an antigen |
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Immunotherapy |
Use of immune cells, antibodies, are vaccines to treat or prevent disease |
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Inguinal node |
Lymph nodes in the groin region |
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Interferons |
Proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells and other cells to aid in regulating the immune response |
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Interleukins |
Proteins (cytokines) that stimulate the growth of B & T lymphocytes |
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Interstitial fluid |
Fluid in the spaces between cells. This fluid becomes lymph when it enters lymph capillaries |
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Lymph |
Thin, watery fluid found within lymphatic vessels and collected from tissues throughout the body |
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Lymph capillaries |
Tiniest lymphatic vessels |
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Lymphoid organs |
Lymph nodes spleen and thymus gland |
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Lymph node |
Collection of stationary solid lymphatic tissue along lymph vessels. Contains cells (lymphocytes and macrophages) that fight infection |
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Lymph vessel |
Carrier of lymph throughout the body. Lymphatic vessels empty lymph into veins in the upper part of the chest |
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Macrophage |
Large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body. Phag/o means to eat or swallow |
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Mediastinal nodes |
Lymph nodes in the area between the lungs in the thoracic cavity |
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Mesenteric nodes |
Lymph nodes in the mesentery (intestinal region) |
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Monoclonal antibody |
Antibody produced in a laboratory to attack antigens and to destroy cells. Useful in immunotherapy |
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Natural immunity |
Protection that an individual is born with to fight infections such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and NK cells. It is not antigen-specific and does not elicit memory |
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Paraaortic nose |
Lymph nodes near the aorta in the lumbar (waist) area of the body |
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Plasma cell |
Lymphocytes that secrete antibodies. It matures from B lymphocytes |
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Right lymphatic duct |
Lymphatic vessel in the chest that drains lymph from the upper right part of the body. It empties lymph into a large vein in the neck |
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Spleen |
Organ in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that destroys worn out red blood cells, activates lymphocytes, and stores blood |
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Suppressor T cell |
Lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of B & T cells. Also called a Treg (regulatory T cell) |
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T-cell (T lymphocyte) |
Lymphocyte that acts directly on antigens to destroy them or produced chemicals (cytokines) such as interferona and interleukins that are toxic to antigens |
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Tolerance |
The ability of T lymphocytes to recognize and accept the body's own antigen as self or friendly. Once tolerance is established, immune system will not react against the body |
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Thoracic duct |
Large lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from the lower and left side of the body (head neck arm and chest). It empties lymph into large veins in the neck |
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Thymus gland |
Lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response |
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tonsils |
Masses of lymphatic tissue in the back of the oropharynx |
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Toxin |
Poison. A protein produced by certain bacteria, animals, or plants |
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Vaccination |
exposure of an individual to a foreign protein (antigen) that provokes an immune response. The response will destroy any cell that possesses the antigen on its surface and will protect against infection. |
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Vaccine |
Weakened or killed microorganism, toxins, or other proteins given to induce immunity to infection or disease |
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Immun/o |
Protection |
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Lymph/o |
Lymph |
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Lymphaden/o |
lymph node (gland) |
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Splen/o |
Spleen |
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Thym/o |
Thymus gland |
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Tox/o |
Poison |
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Ana- |
Again, anew |
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Inter- |
Between |
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Severe combined immunodeficiency disease SCID |
Present at birth. Affected infants are born with a deficiency of B cells and T cells, resulting in a lot of immunity small thymus and children have little or no protection against infection |
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Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDs) |
Group of clinical signs and symptoms associated with suppression of the immune system and marked by opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasmas, and neurologic problems. Caused by HIV which destroys helper T cells |
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Allergy |
Abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to antigen. Occurs when a sensitized person, who has previously been exposed to an hour gin, reacts violently so the subsequent exposure. |
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Asthma |
Allergy due to pollen dust and mold |
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Hives |
Allergy caused by food or drugs |
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Atopic dermatitis |
Allergy. Rash from soaps, cosmetics, chemicals |
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Atopy |
A hypersensitivity or allergic state arising from an inherited predisposition. Prone to allergies |
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Lymphoma |
Malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue. includes Hodgkin disease and non Hodgkin lymphoma |
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Hodgkin disease |
Malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in the spleen and lymph nodes. Characterized by lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, fever, weakness, and loss of weight and appetite |
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Non-hodgkin's lymphomas |
These include follicular lymphoma (composed of collections of small lymphocytes in a follicle or nodule arrangement) and large cell lymphoma( composed of large lymphocytes that infiltrate nodes and tissues diffusely) |
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Multiple myeloma |
malignant tumor of bone marrow cells. Composed of plasma cells with high levels of one of the specific immunoglobulins usually IgG. |
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Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia |
Malignant tumor of bone marrow cells because of malignant B cells produce a large quantities of IgM which impairs the passage of blood through capillaries in the brain and eyes, causing a hyperviscosity syndrome |
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thymoma |
Malignant tumor of the thymus gland |
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Allergen |
Substance capable of causing a specific hypersensitivity reaction in the body. A type of antigen |
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Anaphylaxis |
Exaggerated or unusual hypersensitivity to foreign protein or other substances |
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Atopy |
Hypersensitive or allergic state involving an inherited predisposition |
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Cd4 + cells |
Helper T cells that carry the CD for protein antigen on their surface. HIV binds to cd4 + infects and kills T cells bearing this protein. AIDS patients have an inadequate number of cd4 + cells |
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Hodgkin disease |
Malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in spleen and lymph nodes. Reed-Sternberg cell is often found on microscopic analysis |
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Human immunodeficiency virus HIV |
Virus (retrovirus) that causes AIDS |
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Kaposi sarcoma |
Malignant lesion associated with AIDS. Arises from the lining of capillaries and appears as red, purple, brown, or black skin nodules |
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Non-hodgkin lymphomas |
Group of malignant tumors involving lymphoid tissue. Examples are follicular lymphoma and large cell lymphoma |
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Opportunistic infections |
Infectious diseases associated with AIDS. They occur because HIV infection lowers the body's resistance and allows infection by bacteria and parasites that normally are easily contain |
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Protease inhibitor |
Drug that treats AIDS by blocking the production of protease, a proteolytic enzyme that helps create new viral pieces for HIV |
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Reverse transcriptase inhibitor RTI |
Drug that treats and by blocking reverse transcriptase, an enzyme needed to make copies of HIV |
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Wasting syndrome |
Weight loss, decrease in muscular strength, appetite, and mental activity. Associated with AIDS |
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Cd4 + cell count |
Measures a number of cd4 + cells T helper cells in the blood stream of patients with AIDS. Normal count is between 500 and 1500 cd4 + cells per micromillimeter |
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ELISA |
Screening test to detect anti-hiv antibodies in the bloodstream |
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Western blot test |
Text to confirm the detection of anti hiv and have bodies in the bloodstream from the ELISA test |
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Immunoelectrophoresis |
Test that separates immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, IgD). This procedure detect the presence of abnormal levels of antibodies in patients with conditions such as multiple myeloma and Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia |
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Viral load test |
Measurement of the amount of AIDS virus HIV in the bloodstream. Two viral load tests are a PCR (polymerase chain reaction) assay and NASBA (nucleic acid sequence based amplification) test |
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Computed tomography CT scan |
X-ray imaging produces cross-sectional and other views of anatomic structures. These x-ray views show abnormalities in lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland |