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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What happens to the cells as they are pushed up from the lower layers of the epidermis to the surface?
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As new cells enlarge, they push the older epidermal cells away from the dermis toward the surface of the skin. The farther the cells are moved, the poorer their nutrient supply becomes, and in time, the die
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What layer of the epidermis includes the pigment producing melanocytes?
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The stratum basale (basal cell layer) and the underlying connective tissue of the dermis include melanocytes
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Where are pressure ulcers likely to develop?
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They usually occur in the skin overlying bony projections, such as on the hip, heel, elbow, or shoulder.
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What is the best practice to prevent pressure ulcers from developing?
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Frequently changing body position or massaging the skin to stimulate blood flow in regions associated with bony prominances can prevent pressure ulcers
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What happens to the skin with a bedsore of decubitus ulcer (pressure ulcer)?
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The weight of the bodypressing against the bed blocks the skin's blood supply. If cells die, the tissues begin to break down (necrosis), and a pressure ulcer may appear.
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What is the innermost layer of the epidermis?
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The deepest layer of epidermal cells, called the stratum basale, is close to the dermis and is nourished by dermal blood vessels, which enables them to deivide and grow
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What is the tough, waterprood layer of the epidermis called?
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It is called the stratum corneum where cells begin to hardern due to keratinization
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What determines skin color?
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Specialized cells in the epidermis called melanocytes produce the dark pigment melanin that provides skin color
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In the skin, what does UV light stimulate the production of?
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Continued UV exposure stimulates melanoocytes to produce more melanin
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What is the function of melanin?
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Melanin provides skin color
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Where do melanomas most commonly appear?
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The cancer usually appears in the skin of the trunk, (the back, limbs, arising from normal - appearing skin, or from a mole (nervus)).
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How does a melanoma spread?
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The leasion spreads horizontally throguh the skin, but eventually may thicked and grow downward into the skin, invading deeper tissues
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What type of skin cancer arises from melanocytes? Epithelial cells? Which is more common?
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Skin cancers originiating from epithelial cells are called cutaneous carcinomas.Those arising from melanocytes are cutaneous melanomas. Cutaneous carcinomas are the most coomon type of skin cancer.
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What is the most common cause of cutaneous melanomas?
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They are caused by short, intermittent exposure to high - intensity sunlight. The risk of melanoma increases in persons who stay indoors but occasionally sustain blistering sunburns.
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What specific cell type is skin cancer most likely to develop from?
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Skin cancer usually arises from non-pigmented epithelial cells within the deep layer of the epidermis.
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What is the most common cause of cutaneous carcinoma?
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The most common cause is regular exposure to sunlight. They occur most frequently in light-skinned people over 40 years of age.
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What changes in the skin occur during the inflammation process?
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The skin becomes very red, swollen, & painful. The skin may peel as surface cells die and are shed. Microscopic skin changes occur including damage to cells in the upper epidermal layer of the skin, and swelling of blood vessels in the deeper, dermal layer
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What type of cells make up the epidermis? The dermis?
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The epidermis is composed of stratified squamous epithelium.
The dermis is made up of smooth muscle cells, nerve cell processes, red blood cells. |
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What type of tissue cells make up the dermis?
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It is made up of connective tissue containing collagen & elastic fibers, smooth muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and blood.
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What are hair shafts composed of?
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It is composed of dead epidermal cells
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What type of cells produce the nail plate?
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The nail plate consists of keratinized epithelial cells, which gives rise to scales
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What is the difference between a hair shaft and a hair follicle?
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Each hair develops from a group of epidermal cells at the base of a tubelike depression called a hair follicle. The hair shaft is made up of keritinized, dead epithelial cells
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How is hair color determined?
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Genes determine hair color by directing the type and amount of pigment that epidermal melanocytes produce. Dark hair has more of the browish-black eumelanin, while blonde hair and red hair have more of the reddish - yellow pheomelanin
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What type of pigment granules are contained in the melanocytes of people with very dark skin?
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Eumelanin is contained in the melanocytes of people with very dark skin
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What is the primary function of eccrine glands?
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They produce profuse sweat throughout life to body temperature elevated by environmental heat or physical exercise.
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How are eccrine glands different from sebaceous glands?
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Sebaceous glands are groups of specialized epithelial cells that keep hair soft, pliable, and waterproof. They are near or connected to hair follicles, everywhere but on palms and soles. Eccrine sweat glands are sweat glands with odorless secretion which lower body temperature. They orginate in deep dermis or subcutaneous layer and open to surface on forehead, neck, and back
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What is the function of sebum?
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It is secreted into hair follicles through short ducts and helps keep the hairs and the skin soft, pliable, and waterproof.
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What type of tissue is the arrector pili made of?
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It is made out of muscle tissue.
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What are the functions of the nerve fibers within the dermis?
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Nerve cell processes are scattered throughout the dermis. Motor processes carry impulses to dermal muscles and glands,and sensory processes carry impulses away from specialized sensory receptors.
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Where are apocrine glands most numerous?
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In adults, the apocrine glands are most numerous in axillary regions, the groin, and the area around the nipples.
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What is the normal body temperature in Celcius?
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Normally, the temperature of deeper body parts remains close to a set point of 37 degrees Celcius.
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Describe how body heat is lost by the radiation process?
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Infrared heat rays escape from warmer surfaces to cooler surroundings. These rays radiate in all directions, much like those from the bulb of a heat lamp.
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What is the primary means through which body heat is lost?
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The primary means of body heat loss is radiation.
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What type of tissue is the arrector pili made of?
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It is made out of muscle tissue.
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What type of glands are involved in acne vulgaris?
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Just before puberty or during puberty, the adrenal glands increase production of androgens, whcih stimulate increased secretion of sebum. Acne develops because the sebaceous glands are extra responsive to androgens, but in some cases, androgens may be produced in excess.
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How is body heat conserved by the skin?
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When the body temperature drops, muscles in the walls of dermal blood vessels are stimulated to contract, decreasing the flow of heat - carrying blood through the skin. Sweat glands remain inactive, decreasing heat loss by evaporation. For more force, small groups of muscles may contract rythymically causing a person to shiver.
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Describe what the body does to decrease hear loss in a cold environment?
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Thermoreceptors signal the hypothalamus which signals the blod vessels to constrict, seat glands to remain inactive, and muscle activity generates body heat
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What are the dangers of excercising on a hot, humid day?
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High humidity hinders evaportation of sweat from the skin's surface. This can cause fatigue, dizziness, headache, msucle cramps, and nausea of heat exhaustion
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After a scab is formed, what is the next step in healing?
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Fibroblasts migrate into the injured region and begin forming new collagenous fibers that bind the edges of the wound together. In addition, the connective tissue matrix releases growth factors that stimulate certain cells to divide and regenerate the damaged tissue.
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Describe Conduction, Convection, Evaporation, & Radiation
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In conduction, heat moves from the body directly into the molecules of cooler objects in contact with its surface. In convection, there is a continuous circulation of air over a warm surface. In evaporation, sweat glands are active, and release heat from the body which is evaporated. In radiation, infrared heat rays escape from warmer surfaces to cooler surroundings.
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What layer of skin contains blood supply?
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The dermis layer contain blood supply
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Describe the subcutaneous layer and its function.
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It is the hypodermis. The collagenous and elastic fibers of this layer are continous with those of the dermis, and run parallel to the surface of the skin. It contains the major blood vessels and helps conserve body heat.
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What type of injection is given to the tissues within the layers of skin (not below it)?
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These are intradermal injections.
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What tissue types make up the subcutaneous layer of the skin?
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Collagenous and elastic fibers, adipose tissue, and blood make up this layer
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Which layer of the skin is the outermost or top layer? The middle layer? The lower layer?
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The outermost or top layer is the stratum corneum. The middle is the stratum granulosum. The lower layer is the dermis.
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Sweat cools the body by what means?
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When the nervous system stimulates eccrine sweat glands to release sweat onto the surface of the skin. As this fluid evaporates, it carries heat away from the surface, cooling the skin
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What vitamin does the skin have a roll in producing?
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The skin has a role in producing Vitamin D
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The skin is the first line of defense in protecting the body and plays an important role in what system?
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The skin plays an important role in the integumentary system
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What happens to the skin as it ages?
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The dermis becomes reduced as synthesis of the connective tissue, proteins, collagen, and elastin slows. Slowed melanin production grays or whitens hair. There is a diminished blood supply to the nail beds. Sensitivity to pain and pressure diminishes. The decrease in oil from sebaceous glands dries the skin.
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What happens to sweat glands in elderly people?
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The ability to contol temperature falters as the number of sweat glands in the skin falls, as the capillary beds that surround sweat glands and hair follicles shrink, and the ability to shiver declines.
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Why would a membrane be considered an organ?
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It may be considered an organ because of its accessory structures and its versatile organs
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Where are the major blood vessels that supply the skin located?
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They are located in the subcutaneous layer of the skin
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Where are the most common locations on the body for skin cancer to develop?
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The most common locations are the skin of the truck, the back, limbs, normal appearing skin, and from a mole (nervus)).
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What layer of the skin is involved in a superficial partial - thickness burn?
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The burn only injures the epidermis
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What is an autograft?
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A burn treatment which involves removing a thin layer of skin from an unburned region of the body and transplanting it to the injured area.
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What is a homograft?
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If a burn is too extensive to replace with skin from other parts of the body, cadaveric skin from a skin bank may be sued to cover the injury. It is a temporary covering that shrinks the wound, helps prevent infection, and preserves deeper tissues.
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What layers of skin are involved in a full thickness burn? What characteristics does the skin have when it heals?
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It is a burn that destroys the epidermis, dermis, & the accessort structures of the skin. The characteristics of healing is the growth of epithelial cells inward from the margin fo the burn
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What makes up the granulation that appears during the healing of large open wounds?
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A granulation consists of a new branch of a blood vessel and a cluster of collagen - secreting fibroblasts that the vessel nourishes
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What is the "rule of nines"?
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The treatment of a burn patient requires estimating the extent of the body's surface that is affected. Physicians subdivide the skin's surface into regions, each accounting for 9% of the total surface area. This estimate is important in planning to replace body fluids and electrolytes lost from injured tissues and for covering the burned area with skin or skin substitutes.
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What are the membranes that line body cavities called?
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They are called epithelial membranes.
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What is the difference between serous membranes and mucous membranes?
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Serous membranes line the body cavities that do not open to the outside and reduce friction between the organs and cavity walls. Mucous membranes line the cavities and tubes that open to the outside of the body.
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What is the function of synovial membranes?
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The membrane stores adipose tissue and forms movable fatty pads within the joint. It reabsorbs fuild when a joint cavity is injured or infected.
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What type of tissue makes up synovial membranes?
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It is made up of loose connective tissue
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