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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the benefits of inflammation? |
- Influx of plasma dilutes toxin; plasma protein system contains and allows for destruction of bacteria; influx of cells (neutrophils and macrophages) destroy cell debris. - The clotting system and plasma cells causes a clot and prevent spread of inflammation. - Promotion of healing environment. |
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What are the 4 steps of innate immunity: |
1. Vasodilation - slows blood velocity and increases blood flow to the area 2. Increases permeability - causes swelling. Viscosity increases redness and heat. 3. Adherence of white blood cells - to b.v. and then migration Then an influx of other biochemical mediators and leukocytes. |
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What is the complement system? |
Produces factors that: - Destroys pathogens directly - Increases the inflammatory response - Increases the adaptive immune response Activates C3 and C5 that releases opsonins, chemotactic factors (attract phagocytes to the site), and causes degranulation of mast cells which releases histamine. |
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What is the clotting system? |
Forms a blood clot made of a mesh of fibrin. Traps micro-organisms, preventing spread of infection and providing a framework for healing. |
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What is the kinin system? |
Causes pain on interaction with prostaglandins (synthesised by mast cell degranulation - increases vascular permeability) and dilates b.v., increasing permeability. |
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Name cellular receptors present: |
- PRRs - DAMPs and PAMPs - Cells may also have receptors that recognise components of the plasma protein systems |
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Name 3x cytokines: |
Interleukins - Produced by macrophages, attracts all your leukocytes to the area. Also has the ability to enhance or suppress maturation and inflammation. Interferons - Protects against viral infection Chemokines - Produced by macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Attract cells to area. |
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Mast cells: |
MOST important activator of inflammatory response. Filled with granules, and located in connective tissue close to blood vessels. Will degranulate in response to stimulus, releasing histamines. Also contain chemotactic factors (neutrophils and eosinophils to the area - kill bacteria, regulate inflame response). Also synthesises leukotrienes and prostaglandins. |
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Endothelium: |
Regulates the circulating components. Exposure of connective tissue matrix = clots. Cytokines causes adherance to blood vessels, allowing permeation. |
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Neutrophils: |
First to arrive! Short-lived! Attracted by complement system and mast cells. Immediate removal of debris and destruction of bacteria. |
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Monocytes/Macrophages: |
Second to arrive! Orchestrate healing: through phagocytosis and release of cytokines. |
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Eosinophils: |
Defend against parasites, regulate vascular mediators produced by mast cells (degrade histamine). |
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Dendritic cells: |
The link between innate and acquired immunity. |
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Para-inflammation (including disregulated) |
- NO activation of the vascular system. ---------------------------------------------------------- Inducers - pro-inflammatory adipokines Sensors - Mesenchymal cells (e.g. chondrocytes within the tendon), EC matrix, tissue res. immune cells and afferent neurons. Mediators - Proteolytic enzymes, vasoactive peptides. Effector - Mesenchymal cells drive this. Outcomes - Catabolic chemicals, chondrocytes become sensitised and reactive, cells may alter. |
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Acute inflammation |
Inducers: DAMPs or PAMPs, and vascular changes or release of virulence factors. Sensors - tissue resident immune cells, recruited innate immune cells, nerves (pain), platelets, mesenchymal or parenchymal cells. Mediators - Vasoactive peptides and amines, proteolytic enzymes, pro-inflammatory cytokines, lipid mediators. Effector cells - endothelial cells (retract and allow diapedesis), neutrophils, B+T cells, macrophages. Mechanisms - chemicals = cascade, vascular=clotting, cellular = margination, adhesion, aggregation of immune cells. |
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Chronic inflammation |
Gradual onset. - Inducers - pro-inflamm adipokines. Sensors - smooth muscle cells Mediators - pro-inflamm cytokines (complement factors, proteolytic enzymes, vasoactive amines) Effector cells - Mesenchymal cells (b.v wall) |
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The 4 steps of inflammation: |
Inducers/Triggers - Endogenous or exogenous? Sensors - DAMPs and PAMPs, mast cells and macrophages also initiate a response. Mediators - release of chemokines and cytokines (e.g. histamines, proteolytic enzymes, lipoxins (lipid mediators). Effectors - Response from epithelium, cells like neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, dendritic cells or B + T cells. |
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Adaptive immunity: |
B cells - differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies, helper T-cells help with this process. T-cells - Killer t-cells - Kills antigens when stimulated by helper-T cells Suppressor t-cells: Suppress immune responses Helper t-cells - Assists in antibody and cell-mediated immunity, secretory cytokines stimulate other immune cells to suppress invading antibodies. |
