The Immune System (Ch. 20)

Front 1

Definition of immunity

Back 1

The ability of the body to defend itself against infectious agents, foreign cells, and abnormal body cells (ex. cancer)
Includes non-specific and specific defenses

Front 2

What makes up the granules in granular leukocytes?

Back 2

Contain various enzymes and proteins hat help WBC fight pathogens

Front 3

What are the Granular leukocytes?

Back 3

1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils

**No memory**

Front 4

Neutrophils

Back 4

Engulf pathogens by phagocytosis; first to respond to an infection

Front 5

Eosinophils

Back 5

Increase in number during allergic reactions or the presence of a parasite

Front 6

Basophils

Back 6

release histamine during allergic reactions
Involves MAST cells (which release chemical in response to something foreign)

Front 7

Histamine

Back 7

dialates blood vessels
trigger smooth muscle

Front 8

Two types of Agranular leukocytes

Back 8

1. Monocytes
2. Lymphocytes

Front 9

Monocytes

Back 9

-Become macrophages (large phagocytic cells) and engulf pathogens, old cells, and debris
-Largest of WBC
-Stimulate other WBC to fight infection
-No memory

Front 10

Lymphocytes

Back 10

-Responsible for specific immunity to specific pathogens
-Final line of defense
-Have memory

(B & T lymphocyte cells)

Front 11

What are the lymphatic organs invloed in immunity? (5)

Back 11

1. Lymph nodes
2. Red bone marrow
3. Tonsils
4. Thymus
5. Spleen

Front 12

How are the lymph nodes involved in immunity?

Back 12

-Macrophages (monocytes) clean the lymph by engulfing pathogens, debris, and old cells

Front 13

How is red bone marrow involved in immunity?

Back 13

-Where ALL blood cells are formed
[Erythrocytes (RBCs), thrombocytes (platelets), and ALL the leukocytes (WBCs)]

Front 14

How are the tonsils involved in immunity?

Back 14

-Lymphocytes (B cells and T cells) kill pathogens and antigens entering the body

Front 15

How is the thymus involved in immunity?

Back 15

-Located along the trachea behind the sternum
-T lymphocyte cells mature in this gland

Front 16

How is the spleen involved in immunity?

Back 16

-Blood is filtered (not lymph)
-MACROPHAGES (monocytes) cleanse old RBC and debris
-LYMPHOCYTES perform the immune function of spleen

Front 17

What are the four non-specific defenses?

Back 17

1. Barrier to entry
2. Inflammatory reaction
3. Natural killer cells
4. Protective proteins

Front 18

Barriers to entry

Back 18

-Oil gland secretions weaken or kill certain bacteria
-Mucus in respiratory tract traps substances
-Acid in stomach inhibits the growth or kills bacteria
-Normal "flora" keep other bacteria from growing

Front 19

Inflammatory reaction

Back 19

-Four outward signs (redness, heat, swelling, pain)
-HISTAMINE and KININS are released which cause capillaries to become enlarged and more permeable (causes redness, swelling, pain)
-Neutrophils and macrophages migrate to injured areas where they engulf pathogens
(WBC (which contains salt) leaves the BV so water follows and causes swelling at the site of infectiom

Front 20

Natural killer cells

Back 20

-WBC kill virus-infected cells and tumor cells
-Large lymphocytes
-No specificity or memory

Front 21

Protective proteins

Back 21

-COMPLEMENT SYSTEM PROTEINS & INTERFERON PROTEIN

Front 22

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM PROTEINS

Back 22

are activated when pathogens enter the body
-They enhance the inflammatory response by:
1. attracting WBC to an injury
2. binding to pathogens so that they are more easily engulfed by WBCs
3. Punching holes in bacteria (water in->blow up)

Front 23

INTERFERON PROTEIN

Back 23

Reduces the spread of viruses in the body by attaching to non-infected cells and preparing them for attack

Front 24

B lymphocyte cells

Back 24

Mature in bone marrow
-Produes antibodies that combine with antigens and target particular pathogens
-Produce memory B cells

Front 25

T lymphocte cells

Back 25

Mature in thymus gland
-Directly destroy infected cells
-Produce cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and memory T cells

Front 26

Antibodies

Back 26

Made by B cells
-Attach to antigens marking the cell for destruction by neutrophils or macrophages

Front 27

Cytotoxic T cells

Back 27

Made by T cells
-Remeber and fight off pathogen (navy seals)
-Secrete a hormone which punches holes in the membranes of foreign cells causing them to burst

Front 28

Helper T cells

Back 28

Made by T cells
-Secrete a hormone which enhance the response of other WBC
-Remeber but are the Generals that tell the cytotoxic T cells to go.
-AIDS effect

Front 29

Active immunity

Back 29

-Body creates an immune response after being exposed to a pathogen or vaccine
-MEMORY CELLS are produced so this immunity lasts a lifetime

Front 30

Passive immunity

Back 30

-Antibodies in breast milk or shots of antibodies provide a temporary immune response

Front 31

Allergies

Back 31

-Our body releases histamine which makes vessels leaky
-Histamine causes mucus membranes of the nose and eyes to release fluid as a defense against pathogens
-This produces cold-like symptoms
-In severe allergy cases - anaphylatic shock will occur

Front 32

anaphylatic shock

Back 32

the capillaries become so permeable that blood pressure drops

Front 33

Tissue rejection

Back 33

-There are four antigens present on all of our organs
-These are inherited as a group, so our sibling's organs' antigens are more similar to our organs' antigens (compared to a total stranger's antigens)
-For a transplant to be successful, 3 out of the 4 antigens must match