The Immune Response To Infection

Front 1

When is the immune response initiated?

Back 1

When the antigen receptors of lymphocytes recognize antigens

Front 2

What can antigen receptors of B lymphocytes recognize?

Back 2

proteins
polysaccharides
lipids
nucleic acids
small chemicals in soluble or cell-surface-associated form

Front 3

What can antigen receptors of T lymphocytes recognize?

Back 3

peptide fragments of protein antigens and only when these peptides are presented by specialized peptide display molecules on host cells

Front 4

Can antibodies get inside cells?

Back 4

No

Front 5

Since antibodies cannot get into cells, what is used when a cell is infected with a virus?

Back 5

Cytotoxic T cells

Front 6

What is an MHC?

Back 6

Major histocompatibility complex;

Front 7

What to T lymphocytes recognize?

Back 7

Peptide antigens that are bound to and displayed by MHC molecules of APCs (antigen-presenting cells)

Front 8

A genetic locus whose principal products function as the peptide display molecules of the immune system is:

Back 8

MHC

Front 9

What is it called when clones of T cells can see peptides only when these peptides are displayed by that individual's MHC molecules

Back 9

MHC restriction

Front 10

The specialized cells that capture microbial antigens and display them for recognition by T lymphocytes are celled

Back 10

Antigen-presenting cells

Front 11

What do T cells need to initiate clonal expansion and effector cell differentiation?

Back 11

They need to see protein antigens presented by dendritic cells

Front 12

What are the most effective APCs?

Back 12

Dendritic cells

Front 13

Protein antigens of microbes that enter the body are captured mainly by what?

Back 13

Dendritic cells

Front 14

Where do microbes usually enter the body?

Back 14

The skin (by contact)
The GI tract (by ingestion)
The Respiratory tract (by inhalation)

Front 15

What is the function of continuous epithelia?

Back 15

Provide a physical barrier to infection

Front 16

What kinds of cells are contained within the epithelia and subepithelial tissues?

Back 16

Dendritic cells

Front 17

What are the dendritic cells called that are contained within the epedermis?

Back 17

Landerhans cells

Front 18

What are epithelial dendritic cells said to be immature?

Back 18

Because they are inefficient at stimulating T lymphocytes

Front 19

How is the innate immune response stimulated by microbes?

Back 19

When microbes bind to Toll-like receptors and other sensors of microbes in the dendritic cells, as well as in epithelial cells and resident macrophages in the tissue

Front 20

Name two inflammatory cytokines

Back 20

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1)

Front 21

What activates dendritic cells?

Back 21

TLR signaling and cytokines

Front 22

Where do mature dendritic cells reside?

Back 22

in the T cell-rich areas of lymph nodes

Front 23

T/F: Activated dendritic cells lose their adhesiveness for epithelia and begin to express the surface receptor CCR7

Back 23

True

Front 24

What is CCR7 specific for?

Back 24

Chemoattracting cytokines produced in the T cell zones of lymph nodes; these chemokines direct the dendritic cells to exit epithelium and migrate through lymphatic vessels to the lymph nodes draining that epithelium

Front 25

What happens to the dendritic cells when the migrate to the lymph nodes?

Back 25

The mature into APCs capable of stimulating T lymphocytes; reflected in stable expression of MHC molecules which display antigen to T cells

Front 26

Which cells are the principal inducers of T cell-dependent immune responses?

Back 26

Dendritic cells

Front 27

Which cells are the most potent APCs for activating naive T lymphocytes?

Back 27

Dendritic cells

Front 28

Which cells are the principal inducers or T cell-dependent immune responses?

Back 28

dendritic cells

Front 29

What is another type of APC?

Back 29

Macrophage

Front 30

Where is the macrophage most abundant?

Back 30

All tissues

Front 31

What do macrophages do?

Back 31

Phagocytose microbesand display the antigens to effector T cells, which activate the macrophages to kill the microbes

Front 32

What do B lymphocytes do? Why is this important?

Back 32

Ingest protein antigens and display them to helper T cells within lymphoid tissue; important for the development of humoral immune responses

Front 33

What kind of antigens do B lymphocytes recognize?

Back 33

proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and small chemicals

Front 34

What do B lymphocytes use to recognize antigens?

Back 34

membrane-bound antibodies

Front 35

T/F: B cells differentiate in response to antigen and other signals into cells that secrete antibodies

Back 35

True; the secreted antibodies enter the circulation and mucosal fluids and bind to the antigens, leading to their neutralization and elimination

Front 36

Do B cells need a specialized system to recognize antigens?

Back 36

No