The Idea Of Latin America

Front 1

Aztecs and incas: Conquering?

Back 1

The general idea of these people represented a sort of paradise is not true. these were conquering people

Front 2

Aztecs were organized in____

Back 2

Federations

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Hernando Crotez

Back 3

Conquered Aztec capital in 1519.

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Aztec Capital

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Tenochtitlan, modern day mexico city. city on a lake.

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Incan system of redistribution

Back 5

Reciprocity. Peru had different teirs/ steps

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tiers

Back 6

Coast(Rice) Mountains (Corn) High lands (ccoa leaves and potatoes)

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Allyus

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Community, defines peru as connected part of islands along an archepelago in peru. Allows for better communication and organization and transfer and exchange of products between allyus and the rest of the world

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Cocoa Leaf

Back 8

Cannot eradicate the cocoa leaf because it would ruin the whole system of the archapelago. These types fo social and economic organization is completely opposite of western organization and still remains and works today in these areas

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3 factors which allowed for spanish expansion

Back 9

Skills, Economic, Commitment to the catholic faith, and desire to spread it.

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Columbus lands in 1492

Back 10

Spain is already in the proscess of conquering 3 other places. Castille had a long history of expansion

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La hispanola

Back 11

What columbus named the dominican republic, the place where he landed.

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Conquistadors

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private entrapuneaurs with religious face on it. The conquest was not carried out by hte state. They could recieve awards if they succeded but they had to foot the bill if they failed.

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Missionaries

Back 13

Came to convert the masses, led by conquistadors, in the name of their countries

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How did the such tiny army defeat a whole community of cultures?

Back 14

1) Equipment
2) Incan and Aztec Tactics
3) Aztec and incan BEliefs
4) American Allies
5) Diseases

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Equipment

Back 15

Spanish had superrior equipment including gun powder, horses and dogs

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Incan and aztec tactics,

Back 16

They only took a few prisoner

Front 17

Aztec and incan beliefs

Back 17

Cortez was identified as querzlcuatl by the aztec while pizzarro and his followers were identitafied as incan god viracochas
Both had a myth that whiter (Cortez) or red headed (Pizarro) gods would return from the west

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american allies

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cortez got advice from the tlaxalans for the aztecs . Nazcas aided pizarro

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diseases

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Natives weren't used to smallpox and other diseases the spainards brought over

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mestizo

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White Males outnumbered white female by 7 to 1, hte result took india nwoman and had mestizo children. created a society of casts during the colonial times and ever since

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Colonial Period

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Spanish Political rule. The importance of individuals because they are chosen by god, which means they are more important than institutions

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3 types of law

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Divine (Gods will)
Natural( Embodiment of divine law in human world)
Human (Man's attempt to complete God's will within society. chosen by god)

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Conquistadors Vs The Catholic Church

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Created divisions in indians bacause some divided between the two and both sides competed for indian labor

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main spanish problem

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How to rule latin ameirca while so far away and how to control the opposing groups

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Encomendero

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In charge of indoctrinating catholic faith in indians, originally conquistadors
-2 options 1. human and can recieve indoctrination 2, not human =no soul=no catholicism
Decided that indians were like children that they were human and can learn and recieve faith that there was a chain of command over them

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The use of prehispanic instutions in the colonies: Ways of organizing labor

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Mir'a prehisp period
mita (colonial period)
Both were a rotation system of labor, 1/3 worked mines for 4 months then switched out groups

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crisis of the monopoly systetem

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-the monolopy system was penetrated
-transference of patromonialists to america
-emergence of areas not controlled by spanish authority

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patromonialsists

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an unusual european practice in the 17th centur where public posts to private entripeneures while the state recieved taxes

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creoles

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-whites born in america.
-the went to to the military and local cabildos
-the lost control in the 17th centuries and were in charge of smaller governments
-retained they still enjoyed high and important positions

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bourbon reforms

Back 30

-crosses by which crioles realized that independence would be a better alternative
-general outcome of the reforms: new conditions government wise
-mexico and lima remained.

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Indepence outcome

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very different from in brazil and the rest of latin america

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caudillos

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-charismatic local or regional leaders who exercised authority through fear or charisma
-charisma´s meaning in this sense is symbolic political importence

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series of events that caused caudillos

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-wars of independece
-economic fragmentation
-social mitigation
--initiated by the wars of independence

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caudillo/ barbarianism

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caudillos are considered a symbol barbarianism and the uncivilized in latin america

facundo

Front 35

two sides of latin america

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caudillo/barbarianism and liberalism/civilization

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liberalism

Back 36

-caudillos were an obsticle in building a modern state
-two examples:juan manuel de rosas -for ordinary people he was a barbarian leader though he bult the modern argentine army and also important in building the state
portales-buiilt many political instutions in chile

Front 37

why latin american elites believe that there was no civil society to build civil govt on top

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there where no good alternatives.
in chile and argentina the alternative was empty society so therefore no population to buil on society
in mexico and brazil-empty country because of indigenous and black population were unsuitable for building modern societies

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role of liberal elite

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was to create the society from measures carried out from the liberal state

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2 beliefs of latin american liberal eliter

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1.confidance in free market forces
2.promotion of immigration

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immigration

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-:the most important players (along with the usa) of immigration during the second half of the 19th century.
-most important immigration came from italy and NW spain(second wave came immigrants-first came during colonization)
-most important immigration came from italy and nw spain also denmark and holland immigrants as well.
-argentine slang for an argentine is gallego from gallecia. ruso is jew because russian born immigrants.
-also russians jews and easterns europeans came.
-plan for immigration¨backfired¨cause immigrants came from the ¨worst¨parts of thw world

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5 phases

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1.initiation of export and import growth 1880s-1890s
2.20th century the expansion of import export groth 1900-1930s
3.imports substituting industrialization 1930s-19560s
4.stagnation in import substituting groth 1960s-1980s
5.crises of external debt and democracy 1980s-present

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two main ideas of liberalists

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-la could progress through the world market
-promote immigration

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Phase 1: initiation of export and import growth

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1800-1900
Economy: incorporation to the world market
Society: European immigration (1870s 1914)
politics: the possible republic.

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Immigration came from

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worst part of europe
Immigration came from eastern europe and southern europe: most important: italian immigrants then the spanish immigrants from northern spain, third was eastern europe.

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two types of republic

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- true republic-group of citizens(everyone has the right to vote)
-"possible" republic- inhabitants (large amount of the population didnt have the right to vote): the MAJORITY of Latin america was in this stage

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reasons for the possible republic

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Immigrants were from primitive countries like italy and spain, and thus not deservingf of a vote.
-time was needed to fully incorporate these people in the national culture.

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Political regime of phase 1

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basedupon political parties but who would almost work without voters or very little people who could vote (electoral fraud and political exclusion9 but that is the reason why political parties are not very popular in latin america today

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Phase 2: expansion of export/ import

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Economy: Produces of primary goods (Until usa cut them off in 1945) bought manufactured goods. BUt in many L.a countries the process of industrialization happened. This was mainly linked to the activity of the parts of the economy linked to the international market. Connections between l.a. became poles of development . By 1960s dependency theory was abandoned
Society:Middle social strata-linked to the expansion of the public sector of the state.
emergence of working classs in the middle of the important south american countries because of industrialization
Politics: cooperative democracy. the rural sectors were more important than the urban ones ( with the exception of argentina) One of the worst stages in latin american history for 2 reason. The first reason is that profile of producers of primary goods that these countries became poor and underdeveloped because they are producers of primary goods. the second is this period was marred and political exclusion which was the way in which politics worked during this period