"the Human Species" - Intro To Biological Anthropology Ch.13

Front 1

Cranial Capacity

Back 1

A measurement of the interior volume of the brain case used as an approximate estimate of brain size.

Front 2

Pliocene Epoch

Back 2

The fifth epoch of the cenozoic era, dating from 5 million to 1.7 million years ago.

Front 3

Pleistocene Epoch

Back 3

The sixth epoch of the Cenozoic era, dating from 1.7 million years to 0.01 million years ago.

Front 4

Sahelanthropus Tchadensis

Back 4

An early possible hominid species from Africa dating between 6 and 7 million years ago that has a number of hominid dental traits and may have been bipedal.

Front 5

Orrorin Tugenensis

Back 5

An early primitive hominid species from Africa dating to the late Miocene(6 Ma).

Front 6

Ardipithecus Ramidus

Back 6

An early primitive hominid species from Africa dating between 5.8 million and 4.4 million years ago.

Front 7

Foramen Magnum

Back 7

The large opening at the base of the skull where the spinal cord enters, which is located more under the skull in bipeds as compared to four-legged vertebrates.

Front 8

Australopithecus Anamensis

Back 8

A hominid species that lived in East Africa between 4.2 million and 3.9 million years ago. It was a biped but had many primitive apelike features of the skull and teeth.

Front 9

Australopithecus

Back 9

A genus of fossil hominid that lived between 4.2 million and 1 million years ago and is characterized by bipedal locomotion, small brain size, large face, and large teeth.

Front 10

Australopithecus Afarensis

Back 10

A primitive hominid found in East Africa dating between 4 million and 3 million years ago. The teeth and postcranial skeleton show a number of primitive and apelike features.

Front 11

Kenyanthropus Platyops

Back 11

A species of early hominid in East Africa dating to 3.5 million years ago. This species combines a number of primitive features (small brain, jutting face) and derived features (small molars, flat face). Its evolutionary status is unclear.

Front 12

Robust Australopithecines

Back 12

Species of Australopithecus that had very large back teeth, cheekbones, and faces, among other anatomical adaptations to heavy chewing. They lived in Africa between 2.5 million and 1.2 mil-lion years ago. Three species are generally recognized: A. aethiopicus, A. robustus, and A. boisei. Some anthropologists suggest that they be given their own genus name—Paranthropus.

Front 13

Zygomatic Arch

Back 13

The cheekbone, formed by the connection of the zygomatic and temporal bones on the side of the skull.

Front 14

Sagittal Crest

Back 14

A ridge of bone running down the center of the top of the skull that serves to anchor chewing muscles.

Front 15

Cranial Capacity

Back 15

A measurement of the interior volume of the brain case used as an approximate estimate of brain size.

Front 16

Pliocene Epoch

Back 16

The fifth epoch of the cenozoic era, dating from 5 million to 1.7 million years ago.

Front 17

Pleistocene Epoch

Back 17

The sixth epoch of the Cenozoic era, dating from 1.7 million years to 0.01 million years ago.

Front 18

Sahelanthropus Tchadensis

Back 18

An early possible hominid species from Africa dating between 6 and 7 million years ago that has a number of hominid dental traits and may have been bipedal.

Front 19

Orrorin Tugenensis

Back 19

An early primitive hominid species from Africa dating to the late Miocene(6 Ma).

Front 20

Ardipithecus Ramidus

Back 20

An early primitive hominid species from Africa dating between 5.8 million and 4.4 million years ago.

Front 21

Foramen Magnum

Back 21

The large opening at the base of the skull where the spinal cord enters, which is located more under the skull in bipeds as compared to four-legged vertebrates.

Front 22

Australopithecus Anamensis

Back 22

A hominid species that lived in East Africa between 4.2 million and 3.9 million years ago. It was a biped but had many primitive apelike features of the skull and teeth.

Front 23

Australopithecus

Back 23

A genus of fossil hominid that lived between 4.2 million and 1 million years ago and is characterized by bipedal locomotion, small brain size, large face, and large teeth.

Front 24

Australopithecus Afarensis

Back 24

A primitive hominid found in East Africa dating between 4 million and 3 million years ago. The teeth and postcranial skeleton show a number of primitive and apelike features.

Front 25

Kenyanthropus Platyops

Back 25

A species of early hominid in East Africa dating to 3.5 million years ago. This species combines a number of primitive features (small brain, jutting face) and derived features (small molars, flat face). Its evolutionary status is unclear.

Front 26

Robust Australopithecines

Back 26

Species of Australopithecus that had very large back teeth, cheekbones, and faces, among other anatomical adaptations to heavy chewing. They lived in Africa between 2.5 million and 1.2 mil-lion years ago. Three species are generally recognized: A. aethiopicus, A. robustus, and A. boisei. Some anthropologists suggest that they be given their own genus name—Paranthropus.

Front 27

Zygomatic Arch

Back 27

The cheekbone, formed by the connection of the zygomatic and temporal bones on the side of the skull.

Front 28

Sagittal Crest

Back 28

A ridge of bone running down the center of the top of the skull that serves to anchor chewing muscles.

Front 29

Australopithecus Aethiopicus

Back 29

The oldest robust australopithecine, dating to 2.5 million years ago in East Africa. It combines derived features seen in other robust australopithecines with primitive features seen in A. afarensis.

Front 30

Australopithecus Robustus

Back 30

A species of robust australopithecine dating between roughly 2 million and 1.5 million years ago and found in South Africa.

Front 31

Australopithecus Boisei

Back 31

A very robust species of robust australopithecine dating between 2 million and 1.2 million years ago and found in East Africa.

Front 32

Australopithecus Afarensis

Back 32

A primitive hominid found in East Africa dating between 4 million and 3 million years ago. The teeth and postcranial skeleton show a number of primitive and apelike features.

Front 33

Australopithecus Garhi

Back 33

A species of australopithecine dating to 2.5 million years ago in East Africa. It differs from other australopithecines in having large front and back teeth, although the back teeth are not specialized to the same extent as found in the robust australopithecines.