The Human Body Vocabulary (Chapter 9, Part 2)

Front 1

olfactory epithelium

Back 1

the epithelium in the head where the smell receptors are

Front 2

olfaction

Back 2

the sense of smell

Front 3

cribiform plates

Back 3

bones which protect the olfactory bulbs

Front 4

olfactory foramina

Back 4

tiny holes in the cribiform plates

Front 5

olfactory neurons

Back 5

the neurons which sense smell and can reproduce

Front 6

olfactory vesicles

Back 6

structures at the ends of the olfactory neurons

Front 7

what are the olfactory neurons encased in?

Back 7

a mucous layer

Front 8

what is interesting about olfactory neurons?

Back 8

they die and are replaced about every two months

Front 9

What four characteristics must a chemical have in order to be smelled?

Back 9

it must be airborne, volatile, lipid-soluble, and water soluble

Front 10

volatile

Back 10

something is volatile when it can evaporate into a vapor

Front 11

what is the gustatory sense?

Back 11

the sense of taste

Front 12

what two things is the surface of the tongue full of?

Back 12

tiny bumps called 'papillae' and taste buds

Front 13

about how many taste buds does one have?

Back 13

10,000

Front 14

what are the four types of papillae on the tongue?

Back 14

filiform, circumvallate, fungiform, and foliate

Front 15

filiform papillae

Back 15

the papillae which are not associated with taste buds

Front 16

circumballate papillae

Back 16

the largest and least numerous of the papillae, concentrated near the back of the tongue

Front 17

fungiform papillae

Back 17

the papillae which are spread evenly over the tongue

Front 18

foliate papillae

Back 18

the papillae which are associated with the most sensitive taste buds and which are located on the edges of the tongue

Front 19

What two types of cells are on a taste bud?

Back 19

gustatory cells and supporting cells

Front 20

what is the opening of the taste bud called?

Back 20

the taste pore

Front 21

gustatory hairs

Back 21

the hair-like structures in the taste bud

Front 22

what are the four tastes?

Back 22

sweet, salt, sour, bitter

Front 23

what three componenets can the ear be split into?

Back 23

The external ear, the middle, ear, and the inner ear

Front 24

tympanic membrane

Back 24

the ear drum

Front 25

auricle

Back 25

part of the visible outer ear

Front 26

external auditory meatus

Back 26

the canal that leads from the outside to the ear drum

Front 27

the inner ear can be divided into what three regions?

Back 27

the vestibule, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea

Front 28

static equilibrium

Back 28

this determines the orientation of the head relative to the pull of gravity. In other words, it helps the body determine whether the head is being held up straight, bowed, leaned to one side, etc.

Front 29

dynamic equilibrium

Back 29

this helps determine the rotation and/or acceleration of the head.

Front 30

saccule

Back 30

part of the vestibule of the inner ear

Front 31

utricle

Back 31

part of the vestibule of the inner ear

Front 32

macula

Back 32

a patch of epithelium contained by either the saccule or the utricle

Front 33

what is the macula made up of?

Back 33

gelatinous matrix

Front 34

otoliths

Back 34

ear stones' suspended in the gelatinous matrix

Front 35

kinocilium

Back 35

the longest clilium on the hair cell

Front 36

stereocilium

Back 36

the regular cilia on the hair cell

Front 37

where is the sense of static equilibrium located?

Back 37

in the maculae of the vestibule of the inner ear

Front 38

where is the sense of dynamic equilibrium located?

Back 38

in the semicircular canals

Front 39

ampullae

Back 39

the bulges in the semicircular canals

Front 40

cupula

Back 40

a gelatinous 'float' in the liquid which is in the ampullae of the semicircular canals of the inner ear

Front 41

crista ampullaris

Back 41

a structure which has hair cells embedded in it and which is located in the ampullae of the semicircular canals of the inner ear

Front 42

auditory sense

Back 42

the sense of hearing

Front 43

amplitude

Back 43

the size of the waves

Front 44

frequency

Back 44

the number of waves which hit something in a set amount of time

Front 45

sound waves

Back 45

vibrations in the air (or some other substance)

Front 46

list the parts of the ear which vibrate when sound is detected and list them in order, from the first one to vibrate to the last one to vibrate

Back 46

tympanic membrane (ear drum), malleus, incus, stapes, perilymph, basilar membrane, endolymph, tectorial membrane

Front 47

palpebrae

Back 47

what is commonly known as the eyelinds

Front 48

what produces tears?

Back 48

the lacrimal glands

Front 49

fibrous tunic

Back 49

the first 'tunic' of tissue around the eye

Front 50

sclera

Back 50

the firm white outer layer of connective tissue which covers all of the eye except the cornea and is part of the fibrous tunic

Front 51

cornea

Back 51

the part of the fibrous tunic through which light enters

Front 52

what is the difference between the cornea and the sclera that causes the cornea to be clear?

Back 52

in the cornea, the collagen fibers and smaller than in the sclera, and in the cornea where is less water in the tissue

Front 53

conjunctivea

Back 53

the thin, transparent mucous membrane which covers the fibrous tunic of the eye

Front 54

pink eye

Back 54

an inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye

Front 55

vascular tunic

Back 55

the tunic of the eye which contains most of the blood vessels in the eye and which is under the fibrous tunic

Front 56

choroid

Back 56

the layer of the vascular tunic that is just under the sclera and contains many cells which produce melanin. It is not located near the cornea

Front 57

ciliary body

Back 57

the part of the vascular tunic near the cornea which contains smooth 'ciliary muscles.'

Front 58

ciliary processes

Back 58

tiny projections of the ciliary body

Front 59

suspensory ligaments

Back 59

the ligaments which connect the lens to the ciliary processes of the ciliary body

Front 60

iris

Back 60

the section of the vascular tunic which is colored. It is made of smooth muscles that surround the pupil

Front 61

pupil

Back 61

the opening of the eye

Front 62

dilation (of the eye)

Back 62

the process by which the sympathetic division of the ANS increases the size of the pupil

Front 63

contriction (of the eye)

Back 63

the process by which the parasympathetic division of the ANS decreases the size of the pupil

Front 64

nervous tunic

Back 64

the deepest of the three tunics covering the eye

Front 65

retina

Back 65

what composes the nervous tunic and is filled with rods and cones

Front 66

optic disk

Back 66

the spot on the retina which contains no photoreceptors, the place where the blood vessels enter the eye and where the axons of the neurons in the retina exit the eye and join the optic nerve

Front 67

optic nerve

Back 67

the nerve which goes to the brain and which the axons of neurons in the retina join.

Front 68

photoreceptor cells

Back 68

either rods or cones - there are a total of about 127 million of them in the retina of the eye

Front 69

pigmented retina

Back 69

the portion of the retina that is one cell deep and black-colored because of the melanin produced in it

Front 70

what does the pigmented retina do?

Back 70

it causes the image to be clearer because it absorbs light that would otherwise bounce back

Front 71

rods

Back 71

photoreceptor cells that are sensitive to even very small amounts of light but cannot distinguish color

Front 72

macula lutae

Back 72

a small yellow spot in near the center of the retina

Front 73

fovea centralis

Back 73

the small pit in the mucla lutae in which light is focused. It gives a very sharp and clear image

Front 74

cones

Back 74

photoreceptor cells that are not very sensitive to low amounts of light but add color and clarity to the image

Front 75

bipolar neurons

Back 75

the neurons that synapse with rods and cones

Front 76

ganglion cells

Back 76

the cells that synapse with bipolar neurons in the eye

Front 77

vitreous humor

Back 77

a transparent, gel-like protein that holds water

Front 78

aqueous humor

Back 78

similar to cerebrospinal fluid, it is found in the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye

Front 79

focal point

Back 79

the point at which all the light converges in the eye

Front 80

far point of vision

Back 80

the closest point at which the eye must move the lens before it can process the image

Front 81

accommodation of the lens

Back 81

this is accomplished through the ciliary muscle contracting, tightening the ring of muscle (making it smaller) and allowing the lens to bulge. It causes the light rays to bend more, making the image larger on the retina

Front 82

constriction of the pupil

Back 82

this is accomplished through the pupil getting smaller so as to limit light and increase the depth of field

Front 83

convergence of the eyes

Back 83

this is accomplished through eyes turning to make up for the fact that light rays are not parallel when an object in close the eyes

Front 84

near point of vision

Back 84

the point at which blurriness begins to occur because the lens cannot stretch enough

Front 85

presbyopia

Back 85

a medical condition, "elder vision" common in the elderly, where the near point of vision is greater than 9 inches

Front 86

myopia

Back 86

nearsightedness, a condition in which light rays are bent to much

Front 87

hyperopia

Back 87

farsightedness, a condition in which light rays are not bent enough

Front 88

depth of field

Back 88

the range of distances over which you stay focused

Front 89

additive primary colors

Back 89

red, blue, green